鴉片全鹼
鴉片全鹼是一種鴉片生物鹼的混合物，含有相當於85.5%無水嗎啡、6.8%無水可待因和7.8%罌粟鹼的成分。主要用於圍手術期的中度至重度疼痛管理，並可納入鎮靜和麻醉前用藥方案中以提供更好的鎮靜和鎮痛效果。其作用與嗎啡相似，作用時間約為4小時。 > **臨床警告：** 對於犬貓的單次或重複推注，應優先使用美沙酮（Methadone）作為合法的替代藥物。鴉片全鹼在犬貓的術後鎮痛中並不廣泛使用，但常與阿塞丙嗪（Acepromazine）結合使用，為具攻擊性的犬隻提供良好的鎮靜效果。
作用機制: Papaveretum provides analgesia primarily mediated by acting as an agonist at the **mu (μ) opioid receptor** in the central nervous system. This binding inhibits the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters (such as Substance P) → altering the perception of and response to pain.
各物種劑量
- Analgesia / Sedation · 0.2-0.8 mg/kg · IV/IM/SC · PRN · Duration of action is approximately 4 hours · Use lower doses IV; only use higher doses when deep sedation is required. Often given as part of a combination for sedation.
- Analgesia / Sedation · 0.2-0.3 mg/kg · IV/IM/SC · PRN · Duration of action is approximately 4 hours · Often given as part of a combination for sedation.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- No specific contraindications available, but use with caution in patients with impaired liver function or pregnant animals near parturition.
不良反應
- Vomiting (common)
- Respiratory depression (especially IV during general anaesthesia)
- Constriction of gastrointestinal sphincters (e.g., pyloric sphincter)
- Reduction in gastrointestinal motility
- Sedation in neonates (crosses placenta)
藥物相互作用
- Anaesthetics · Increased CNS or respiratory depression · major
- Antihistamines · Increased CNS or respiratory depression · moderate
- Barbiturates · Increased CNS or respiratory depression · major
- Phenothiazines (e.g., Acepromazine) · Increased CNS or respiratory depression; often used together intentionally for deep sedation · moderate
- Tranquillizers · Increased CNS or respiratory depression · moderate
監測
- Respiratory rate and depth (especially under general anaesthesia)
- Pain scores (due to variable individual response)
- Level of sedation
- Heart rate and blood pressure
過量
Overdose can lead to severe **respiratory depression**, profound sedation, and potentially cardiovascular collapse. Severe adverse effects can be treated and reversed with the opioid antagonist **naloxone**.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。