噴他脒
Pentamidine
Pentamidine isethionate
別名: Pentacarinat · Pentamidine isethionate · Pentamidini isetionas
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leishmaniosis (resistant cases) | 4 mg/kg | IM | q48-72h | Seek expert advice on treatment duration | 🌍 EU |
- Leishmaniosis (resistant cases): Use only when resistance to pentavalent antimony drugs has occurred. Highly toxic.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
噴他脒 (Pentamidine) 是一種抗原蟲藥物，在獸醫學中主要作為犬利什曼原蟲症 (Leishmaniosis) 的二線或挽救性治療藥物，特別是當對五價銻藥物（如葡甲胺銻和葡萄糖酸銻鈉）產生抗藥性時使用。
警告： 噴他脒是一種治療指數狹窄的高毒性藥物。必須仔細權衡其潛在的嚴重毒性損害（特別是對腎臟和肝臟）與治療效益。
臨床提示： 由於其顯著的毒性特徵以及有更安全的替代藥物（如別嘌呤醇和米替福新），噴他脒很少作為首選藥物。在開始治療前應始終尋求專科獸醫的建議。
作用機制
Pentamidine kills protozoans by interacting with parasite DNA. It is rapidly taken up by the parasites via a high-affinity energy-dependent carrier → disrupts DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis → leads to protozoal death.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Impaired liver function
- Impaired kidney function
- Rapid intravenous (IV) injection (due to severe cardiovascular effects)
不良反應
- Pain at the injection site
- Necrosis at the injection site
- Hypotension
- Nausea
- Salivation
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Hypoglycaemia
- Blood dyscrasias
注意事項
Handling Warning: Pentamidine is a highly toxic agent. Veterinary staff handling this drug should take precautions similar to those recommended for cytotoxic agents used in cancer chemotherapy (e.g., wearing gloves, masks, and using closed-system transfer devices).
Administration Warning: NEVER administer by rapid IV injection due to the risk of severe, potentially fatal hypotension.
Organ Toxicity: High potential for nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Baseline and ongoing monitoring of renal and hepatic parameters is mandatory.
藥物相互作用
Increased risk of severe nephrotoxicity
監測
- Renal function (BUN, Creatinine, Urinalysis)
- Liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and Bilirubin
- Blood glucose concentrations
- Blood pressure (especially around the time of administration)
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) for dyscrasias
- Injection site for signs of necrosis
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Well absorbed following intramuscular injection.
分佈
Extensively distributed and bound to tissues; accumulates heavily in the liver, kidneys, and spleen.
代謝
Undergoes minimal hepatic metabolism.
排除
Excreted primarily unchanged in the urine over a prolonged period.
過量
Overdosage significantly increases the risk of severe hypotension, hypoglycaemia, acute renal failure, and hepatotoxicity. Treatment is largely supportive and symptomatic, including IV fluid therapy to support blood pressure and renal perfusion, and dextrose supplementation for hypoglycaemia.
可用產品
劑型
- Injectable: 300 mg vials of powder for reconstitution
人用標示
- Pentacarinat 300 mg powder for solution for injection/infusion
各地核准狀態
Human authorized product (POM) used under the cascade. Requires special handling precautions.
Human authorized product (POM) used under the cascade. Requires special handling precautions.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store intact vials at room temperature. Reconstituted solutions should be used promptly or stored according to the manufacturer's specific guidelines.
飼主須知
噴他脒是一種強效藥物，用於治療如利什曼原蟲症等嚴重的寄生蟲感染，通常僅在其他標準治療無效時使用。
由於這種藥物可能有嚴重的副作用，您的獸醫在治療期間需要密切監測您寵物的腎功能、肝功能和血糖水平。
重要提示： 如果發現寵物出現極度嗜睡、嘔吐、虛弱（可能表示血糖過低）或注射部位有劇烈疼痛/潰瘍等症狀，請立即通知您的獸醫。
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