苯妥英鈉
Phenytoin Sodium
Diphenylhydantoin
別名: Dilantin · Phenytek · Diphenylhydantoin · DPH · Fenitoina · Phenantoinum · Phenytoinum
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of seizures | 15-40 mg/kg | PO | three times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of seizures | 20-35 mg/kg | PO | three times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of seizures | 8.8-17.6 mg/kg in divided doses | PO | divided doses | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias | Up to 10 mg/kg in increments of 2-4 mg/kg OR 20-35 mg/kg | IV or PO | three times daily (for PO) | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias | 10 mg/kg slowly IV; 30-50 mg/kg PO | IV, PO | q8h (for PO) | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment (or prophylaxis) of digitalis intoxication | 50 mg/kg | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of hypoglycemia secondary to tumor | 6 mg/kg | PO | two to three times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of seizures: Gradually increase or decrease dose to maintain control. May take several days for seizure control. Note: Unlikely to attain necessary serum levels due to fast half-life.
- Treatment (or prophylaxis) of digitalis intoxication: Long-term use may cause increases in serum alkaline phosphatase and increased hepatic cell size.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias | 2-3 mg/kg | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of seizures | 2-3 mg/kg daily; 20 mg/kg per week | PO | daily or weekly | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias: Diligent monitoring is required due to accumulation risk.
- Treatment of seizures: Use is very controversial in this species.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seizures | 2.83-16.43 mg/kg | PO | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Digoxin induced arrhythmias | 10-22 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ventricular dysrhythmias | 20 mg/kg initially for the first 3-4 doses, followed by a maintenance dose of 10-15 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Seizures: To obtain serum levels from 5-10 micrograms/mL. Suggest monitoring serum levels to adjust dosage.
- Digoxin induced arrhythmias: Adverse effects are muscle fasciculations and sedation.
- Treatment of ventricular dysrhythmias: For persistent ventricular extra systoles or ventricular tachycardia where conventional treatment has failed. Suggest monitoring plasma concentrations.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
苯妥英鈉 (Phenytoin sodium) 是一種乙內醯脲衍生物，屬於抗癲癇藥物及 IB 類抗心律不整藥物。雖然在人類醫學中具有歷史意義，但由於在伴侶動物體內的藥代動力學特徵不佳，其在獸醫學中的應用受到高度限制。
- 犬：極少用於長期癲癇管理，因為其半衰期極短且會快速誘發肝臟酵素（自我誘導），導致除非頻繁且高劑量給藥，否則幾乎無法維持治療血清濃度。
- 貓：由於半衰期嚴重延長（高達 108 小時）且缺乏葡萄糖醛酸結合途徑，極易產生毒性蓄積。
- 臨床定位：目前主要保留用於治療犬和馬的毛地黃誘發之心室心律不整，或貓的特定罕見神經肌肉疾病（如肌纖維顫搐和神經性肌強直）。
臨床提示：由於其具有抑制胰島素分泌的能力，曾被研究作為胰島素瘤繼發低血糖的輔助治療，但臨床效益通常微乎其微。
作用機制
Phenytoin exhibits both neurological and cardiac effects through the stabilization of excitable membranes:
- Neurological: Binds to and prolongs the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) → promotes sodium efflux and limits sodium influx → stabilizes neuronal membranes and prevents the high-frequency repetitive firing necessary for seizure propagation from epileptogenic foci.
- Cardiac: Acts as a Class IB antiarrhythmic (similar to lidocaine) → slightly depresses phase 0 of the cardiac action potential and shortens phase 3 repolarization → decreases overall action potential duration. It is particularly effective against digitalis-induced arrhythmias.
- Endocrine: Inhibits the secretion of insulin and vasopressin (ADH).
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hypersensitivity to phenytoin or other hydantoins
- Intravenous use is contraindicated in 2nd or 3rd degree heart block
- Sinoatrial block
- Adams-Stokes syndrome
- Sinus bradycardia
不良反應
- Dogs: Anorexia, vomiting, ataxia, sedation, gingival hyperplasia, hepatotoxicity (elevated ALT, decreased albumin, hepatic lipidosis)
- Cats: Ataxia, sedation, anorexia, dermal atrophy syndrome, thrombocytopenia
- Horses: Excitement, recumbency (at high plasma concentrations)
注意事項
Hepatotoxicity Warning: Chronic therapy in dogs requires regular monitoring of liver function due to the risk of hepatocellular hypertrophy, necrosis, and hepatic lipidosis.
- Pregnancy: Potentially teratogenic (FDA Category D / Papich Class C). It readily crosses the placenta and is excreted in maternal milk. Use only when benefits clearly outweigh risks.
- Feline Sensitivity: Cats metabolize phenytoin extremely slowly. Use is highly controversial and requires diligent monitoring to prevent severe toxicity.
- IV Administration: Must be given slowly. Rapid IV injection can cause severe hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias.
藥物相互作用
Significantly increases the serum half-life of phenytoin (e.g., from 3 to 15 hours in dogs) by inhibiting its hepatic metabolism.
The toxicity of lithium may be enhanced.
Phenytoin may decrease the analgesic properties of meperidine but enhance its toxic effects.
Altered pharmacologic effects; potential for additive hepatotoxicity. Weigh risks vs. benefits before combining.
May increase the pharmacologic effects and toxicity of phenytoin.
May decrease the pharmacologic activity of phenytoin.
Phenytoin may decrease the pharmacologic activity of these agents via hepatic enzyme induction.
監測
- Level of seizure control or arrhythmia resolution
- Signs of toxicity (sedation, ataxia)
- Body weight (monitor for anorexia)
- Liver enzymes (ALT, ALP) and serum albumin (especially with chronic therapy)
- Serum drug levels (if signs of toxicity appear or lack of efficacy is noted)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Nearly completely absorbed in humans, but in dogs, oral bioavailability may only be about 40%.
分佈
Well distributed throughout the body. About 78% bound to plasma proteins in dogs (vs. 95% in humans). Protein binding may be reduced in uremic patients. Readily crosses the placenta and small amounts are excreted into milk.
代謝
Metabolized in the liver; much of the drug is conjugated to a glucuronide form. Phenytoin induces hepatic microsomal enzymes, enhancing the metabolism of itself (autoinduction) and other drugs.
排除
Excreted by the kidneys as metabolites.
過量
Clinical signs of overdosage are dose-dependent:
- Lower levels: Sedation, anorexia, and ataxia (wobbly gait).
- Higher levels: Coma, severe hypotension, and respiratory depression.
Treatment: Dogs rapidly clear the drug, so treatment depends on the severity of clinical signs. Severe intoxications require aggressive supportive care (IV fluids, cardiovascular and respiratory support).
可用產品
劑型
- Extended-release capsules: 30 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg
- Oral suspension: 25 mg/mL
- Chewable tablets: 50 mg
- Injection: 50 mg/mL
獸醫用
- None currently available
人用標示
- Phenytoin Sodium Extended-Release Capsules: 30 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg & 300 mg (Dilantin Kapseals, Phenytek)
- Phenytoin Oral Suspension: 25 mg/mL (Dilantin-125)
- Phenytoin Tablets: 50 mg chewable (Dilantin Infa-Tabs)
- Phenytoin Sodium Injection: 50 mg/mL (46 mg/mL phenytoin base)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store capsules at room temperature (below 86°F) and protect from light and moisture. Store injection at room temperature and protect from freezing. If injection is frozen/refrigerated, a precipitate may form which should resolubilize when warmed. Do not use precipitated solutions. Injectable solutions will precipitate at a pH less than 11.5.
飼主須知
- 嚴格遵守時間表：請完全依照處方給藥。漏服可能導致癲癇發作或危險的心律不整。
- 給藥方式：與食物一起餵食可促進吸收並減少腸胃不適。
- 注意副作用：如果您的寵物變得極度嗜睡、食慾不振、嘔吐或走路搖晃（共濟失調），請立即通知您的獸醫師。
- 牙齒健康：在犬隻中，此藥物可能導致牙齦過度生長（牙齦增生）。定期的牙齒檢查和良好的口腔衛生非常重要。
-
安全警告：絕對不要將人類的藥物分享給您的寵物。動物代謝此藥物的方式與人類大不相同，錯誤的劑量可能是致命的。
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