匹羅卡品 / 毛果芸香鹼
Pilocarpine
Pilocarpine hydrochloride
別名: Minims Pilocarpine · Pilocarpini hydrochloridum
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Management of glaucoma | Not specified in text | topical | Not specified in text | Not specified in text | 🌍 EU |
| Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS / dry eye) | Not specified in text | PO | Not specified in text | Not specified in text | 🌍 EU |
- Management of glaucoma: Produces miosis in 10-15 minutes lasting for 6-8 hours. Most common concentration used in dogs is 1%.
- Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS / dry eye): Increases lacrimation. Topical ophthalmic pilocarpine can also be used for this but can be irritant.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
匹羅卡品是一種直接作用的副交感神經致效劑，主要用於獸醫眼科。它能刺激膽鹼能受體，導致睫狀肌收縮和縮瞳，從而改善房水排出並降低眼內壓。雖然過去常用於青光眼管理，但現已多被碳酸酐酶抑制劑和前列腺素類似物取代。此外，口服匹羅卡品可用於刺激患有神經性乾眼症（KCS）犬隻的淚液分泌。貓因具有較高的潛在毒性風險，極少使用。
作用機制
Pilocarpine is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic that stimulates cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors.
In the eye: Stimulates cholinergic receptors → ciliary body muscle contraction and miosis (pupil constriction) → opens the iridocorneal angle → improved aqueous humour outflow → decreased intraocular pressure (IOP).
Systemically/Orally: Stimulates exocrine glands → increased lacrimation and salivation.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Uveitis
- Anterior lens luxation
不良反應
- Conjunctival hyperaemia (vasodilation)
- Local ocular irritation (due to low pH)
- Salivation
- Lacrimation
- Urinary incontinence
- Gastrointestinal disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea)
- Cardiac arrhythmias
注意事項
Species Warning: Avoid or use with extreme caution in cats due to potential toxicity.
Monitor for signs of systemic cholinergic toxicity, especially when administered orally for KCS or if ophthalmic drops are ingested.
監測
- Intraocular pressure (IOP) if treating glaucoma
- Schirmer tear test (STT) if treating KCS
- Signs of systemic cholinergic toxicity (SLUDGE signs: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI upset, Emesis)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Topical ophthalmic administration produces miosis within 10-15 minutes in dogs.
分佈
Not specified in text.
代謝
Not specified in text.
排除
Duration of miotic effect in dogs is 6-8 hours.
過量
Overdosage or systemic absorption can lead to cholinergic toxicity (parasympathomimetic overdrive).
Clinical signs of systemic toxicity include:
- Salivation (drooling)
- Excessive lacrimation
- Urinary incontinence
- Gastrointestinal disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea)
- Cardiac arrhythmias
可用產品
劑型
- Ophthalmic solution 1%
- Ophthalmic solution 2%
- Ophthalmic solution 4%
人用標示
- Pilocarpine hydrochloride 1%, 2%, 4% ophthalmic solutions (e.g., Minims Pilocarpine)
各地核准狀態
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
POM-V (Prescription Only Medicine - Veterinarian)
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Normal precautions should be observed. Available in 10 ml bottles and single-use vials.
飼主須知
請嚴格按照獸醫的指示給藥。若用於點眼，由於藥水酸鹼值較低，可能會引起輕微的局部刺激或發紅。若觀察到過度流口水、流淚、漏尿、嘔吐、腹瀉或心跳異常等全身性副作用，請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
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