哌嗪
Piperazine
Diethylenediamine
別名: Pipa-Tabs · Wazine · WormEze · D-Worm · Tasty Paste · Various AVM-GSL products · Diethylendiamin · Dispermin · Hexahydropropyrazin · Piperazinum · Piperazina
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of ascarids | 45-65 mg of base/kg PO; for pups less than 2.5 kg: 150 mg maximum | PO | once | Retreat in 2-3 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 110 mg/kg PO | PO | once | Repeat in 21 days | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 100 mg/kg PO | PO | once | Repeat in 3 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 20-30 mg/kg PO once | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of ascarids: Larval stages in tissues are not affected, necessitating retreatment
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of ascarids | 45-65 mg of base/kg PO; 150 mg maximum | PO | once | Retreat in 2-3 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 110 mg/kg PO | PO | once | Repeat in 21 days | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 100 mg/kg PO | PO | once | Repeat in 3 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 20-30 mg/kg PO once | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of ascarids: Larval stages in tissues are not affected, necessitating retreatment
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinworms (Mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and rabbits) | Piperazine citrate in drinking water at 3 grams/liter | PO | continuous | 2 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Pinworms (Rabbits) | 100 mg/kg PO q24h | PO | q24h | 2 days | 🌎 NA |
| Pinworms (Rabbits) | Adults: 200-500 mg/kg PO q24h. Young rabbits: 750 mg/kg, PO once daily | PO | q24h | 2 days | 🌎 NA |
| Pinworms/tapeworms (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas) | 2-5 mg/mL drinking water | PO | continuous | 7 days, off 7 days and repeat | 🌎 NA |
- Pinworms (Rabbits): Piperazine citrate. Wash the perianal area.
- Pinworms (Rabbits): Piperazine adipate. Wash the perianal area.
- Pinworms/tapeworms (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas): Piperazine citrate
鳥
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascarids in poultry | 100-500 mg/kg PO once | PO | once | Repeat in 10-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Nematodes in raptors | 100 mg/kg | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Nematodes in parakeets and canaries | 0.5 mg/gram | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Ascaridia galli in poultry | 32 mg/kg (as base) (approximately 0.3 grams for each adult) | PO | once | Given in each of 2 successive feedings or for 2 days in drinking water | 🌎 NA |
- Ascarids in poultry: Not effective in psittacines
- Nematodes in raptors: Piperazine citrate
- Nematodes in parakeets and canaries: Piperazine citrate
- Ascaridia galli in poultry: Citrate or adipate salts usually used in feed; hexahydrate in drinking water
爬蟲類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nematodes | 40-60 mg/kg PO | PO | once | Repeat in two weeks | 🌎 NA |
- Nematodes: Follow with a fecal examination 14 days after the second dose. If positive, give a third dose and continue cycle until cleared.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of ascarids | 110 mg/kg (base) PO | PO | once | Repeat in 3-4 weeks | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of ascarids | 200 mg/kg, PO | PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of ascarids: Retreating at 10-week intervals for P. equorum infections in young animals is recommended
- Treatment of ascarids: Maximum of 80 grams in adults, 60 grams in yearlings, and 30 grams in foals
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum | 0.2-0.4% in the feed, or 0.1-0.2% in the drinking water | PO | once | Consume within 12 hours | 🌎 NA |
| Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum | 110 mg/kg (as base) | PO | once | Consume in 8-12 hours | 🌎 NA |
- Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum: Fasting or withholding water overnight may be beneficial. Retreat in 2 months. Safe in young animals and pregnancy.
- Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum: Citrate salt usually used in feed as a one-day treatment, and hexahydrate in drinking water.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
哌嗪是一種窄效驅蟲藥，主要用於治療狗、貓、馬、豬和家禽的蛔蟲感染。
- 在患有胃腸炎或懷孕的動物中使用被認為是安全的。
- 臨床提示：由於哌嗪僅對成蟲有效，且對鉤蟲、鞭蟲或絛蟲無效，隨著新型廣效驅蟲藥（如雙羥萘酸噻嘧啶、芬苯達唑和大環內酯類）的出現，其在現代獸醫學中的使用已大幅減少。
- 市面上有各種鹽類形式（檸檬酸鹽、己二酸鹽、磷酸鹽、六水合物、二鹽酸鹽），其中含有不同量的哌嗪活性基質。
作用機制
Piperazine exerts a 'curare-like' effect on susceptible nematodes.
- It acts as a GABA receptor agonist and blocks acetylcholine at the myoneural junction of the parasite.
- This causes flaccid paralysis (narcotizing the worm), allowing the live, paralyzed worms to be passed out of the host's gastrointestinal tract with the feces.
- In ascarids, it also inhibits succinic acid production.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Chronic liver disease
- Chronic kidney disease
- Gastrointestinal hypomotility
- Chronic renal failure
- Hepatic impairment
- Heavy worm burdens (relative contraindication due to risk of intestinal impaction)
不良反應
- Diarrhea
- Emesis
- Transient softening of feces (horses)
- Neurological signs at high doses (ataxia, tremors)
注意事項
Important: Use with caution in patients with seizure disorders.
Equine Warning: In horses with heavy infestations of Parascaris equorum, rupture or blockage of the intestines is possible due to the rapid death and detachment of a large worm burden.
- Laboratory Interference: Piperazine can affect uric acid blood levels (both falsely high and low values have been reported); interpret results cautiously.
藥物相互作用
May precipitate seizures if used concomitantly (data conflicts, but caution is advised)
Not recommended; may eliminate piperazine from the GI tract before its full efficacy is established
Antagonistic modes of action (pyrantel causes spastic paralysis, piperazine causes flaccid paralysis); should not be used together
Antagonistic mechanism of action (Pyrantel causes spastic paralysis, Piperazine causes flaccid paralysis)
Antagonistic mechanism of action
監測
- Clinical and/or laboratory efficacy (fecal examinations)
- Adverse effects (neurological signs, GI upset)
- Fecal flotation (to confirm clearance of roundworms)
- Adverse neurological signs
藥物動力學
吸收
Readily absorbed from the proximal sections of the gastrointestinal tract.
分佈
Specific distribution kinetics on individual species were not located.
代謝
Metabolized by the kidneys.
排除
Excreted by the kidneys.
過量
Piperazine generally has a wide margin of safety (oral LD50 of piperazine adipate in mice is 11.4 g/kg). However, acute massive overdosage can lead to paralysis and death.
Feline Toxicity: In cats, adverse effects occur within 24 hours after a toxic dose is ingested. Clinical signs include:
- Emesis, hypersalivation, dehydration
- Weakness, dyspnea, depression
- Muscular fasciculations of ears, whiskers, tail, and eyes
- Rear limb ataxia, head-pressing
- Positional nystagmus and slowed pupillary responses (Many of these effects may also be seen in dogs after toxic ingestions.)
Treatment:
- Symptomatic and supportive care.
- If ingestion was recent, use of activated charcoal and a cathartic is suggested.
- Intravenous fluid therapy.
- Keep the animal in a quiet, dark place.
- Recovery generally takes place within 3-4 days.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral liquid/suspension
- Oral paste
- Powder/granules for feed or drinking water
- Oral: 500 mg tablets
- Various oral liquids and powders
獸醫用
- Piperazine Dihydrochloride tablets equivalent to 50 mg or 250 mg base (Pipa-Tabs®)
- Alfalfa Pellet Horse Wormer
- Tasty Paste® Dog & Puppy Wormer
- Wonder Wormer™ for Horses
- D-Worm™ Liquid Wormer for Cats and Dogs
- Wazine®-17
- Wazine®-34
- Hartz® Advanced Care™ Liquid Wormer
- Sergeant's® Vetscription® Worm-Away®
- WormEze™ Canine & Feline Anthelmintic
- Various authorized proprietary products (AVM-GSL)
- 500 mg tablets
各地核准狀態
Authorised Veterinary Medicine - General Sales List
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, piperazine products should be stored at room temperature (15-30°C).
飼主須知
- 嚴格按照指示給藥：請僅給予獸醫處方的劑量，切勿過量。
- 通常需要再次治療：由於藥物只能殺死腸道內的成蟲，對組織中遷移的幼蟲無效，因此通常需要在首次給藥後 2 到 3 週進行第二次給藥。
- 監測副作用：如果您發現任何嚴重的副作用，如嘔吐、腹瀉、嚴重虛弱、肌肉抽搐或步態不穩（共濟失調），請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
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