硫胺素 (維生素B1)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Thiamine hydrochloride
別名: Thiamilate · Horse Care Durvit B-1 Crumbles · Thia-Dex · Vitamin B-1 Powder · Vitamin B1 · Aneurine hydrochloride · Thiamin hydrochloride · Thiamine chloride · Thiamini hydrochloridum · Thiaminii chloridum · Thiamine hydrochloride
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamine deficiency | 5-50 mg | IM, SC, or IV | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 1-2 mg | IM | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 2 mg/kg | PO | once daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 100-250 mg | SC | twice daily | for several days until regression of symptoms with complete recovery | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive treatment for ethylene glycol toxicity | 100 mg/day | PO | daily | — | 🌎 NA |
- Thiamine deficiency: Depending on formulation
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamine deficiency | 100-250 mg | parenterally | twice a day | — | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 10-20 mg/kg | IM | Not specified | for several days | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive treatment of hepatic lipidosis | 100 mg of thiamine in one liter of crystalloid fluids | IV | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 100-250 mg | SC | twice daily | for several days until regression of symptoms with complete recovery | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 10-20 mg/kg IM or SC two to three times daily until signs abate, then 10 mg/kg PO once daily | IM, SC, PO | two to three times daily, then once daily | 21 days for PO phase | 🌎 NA |
- Thiamine deficiency: Experimentally, as little as 1 mg is effective
- Adjunctive treatment of hepatic lipidosis: With additional soluble B vitamins. Indicated if neck ventroflexion is present.
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prophylaxis when animals with E. macusaniensis treated with amprolium for >5 days (Camelids) | 10 mg/kg | SC | q24h | after the 5th day of amprolium | 🌎 NA |
- Prophylaxis when animals with E. macusaniensis treated with amprolium for >5 days (Camelids): For Camelids (NWC)
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamine deficiency | 0.5-5 mg/kg | IV, IM or PO | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 100-1000 mg | IM, SC, or IV | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive treatment of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy) | 1 gram in one liter of fluids | IV | once a day | — | 🌎 NA |
| As part of a parenteral nutrition (PN) formula | 1-2 mL/45 kg daily | IV | daily | — | 🌎 NA |
- Thiamine deficiency: Depending on formulation
- Adjunctive treatment of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy): For Foals
- As part of a parenteral nutrition (PN) formula: Using a specific B complex vitamin mix (thiamine 12.5 mg/mL) diluted in fluids or PN.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polioencephalomalacia | Initially, 10 mg/kg IV; then, 10 mg/kg IM twice daily | IV, IM | twice daily | 2-3 days | 🌎 NA |
| Polioencephalomalacia | 10-20 mg/kg | IM or SC | 3 times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Polioencephalomalacia | 10 mg/kg | IV, IM | up to 4 times a day | — | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive therapy of lead poisoning | 2 mg/kg | IM | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
- Polioencephalomalacia: If no improvement within 4 days, may be advisable to recommend slaughter.
- Polioencephalomalacia: If giving IV dilute in isotonic saline or isotonic dextrose.
- Polioencephalomalacia: First dose may be given via slow IV and subsequent doses IM. Severely affected animals may benefit from corticosteroids and mannitol.
- Adjunctive therapy of lead poisoning: Given at same time as CaEDTA therapy; total daily dose 8 mg/kg
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thiamine deficiency | 5-100 mg | IM, SC, or IV | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
- Thiamine deficiency: Depending on formulation
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polioencephalomalacia | Initially, 10 mg/kg IV; then, 10 mg/kg IM twice daily | IV, IM | twice daily | 2-3 days | 🌎 NA |
| Thiamine deficiency | 20-200 mg | IM, SC, or IV | Not specified | — | 🌎 NA |
- Polioencephalomalacia: If no improvement within 4 days, may be advisable to recommend slaughter.
- Thiamine deficiency: Depending on formulation
山羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polioencephalomalacia | Initially, 10 mg/kg IV; then, 10 mg/kg IM twice daily | IV, IM | twice daily | 2-3 days | 🌎 NA |
- Polioencephalomalacia: If no improvement within 4 days, may be advisable to recommend slaughter.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
硫胺素（維生素B1）是一種水溶性維生素，對碳水化合物代謝和正常神經功能至關重要。
主要臨床重點：
- 缺乏原因： 在小動物中，缺乏通常是由於飲食攝入不足（例如未補充營養的全肉飲食、高溫破壞的商業飲食）或攝入含有硫胺素酶的食物（如生魚）所致。在反芻動物中，通常繼發於產生硫胺素酶的瘤胃細菌或攝入含有硫胺素酶的植物（如蕨類），導致腦軟化症 (PEM)。
- 臨床症狀： 表現為胃腸道問題（厭食、流涎）、嚴重的神經肌肉/中樞神經系統症狀（共濟失調、癲癇發作、貓頸部腹側屈曲、反射喪失）或心律不整。
- 輔助用途： 常用於乙二醇中毒（將代謝途徑轉移以避免產生毒性草酸鹽）和鉛中毒的輔助治療。
- 臨床提示： 由於大腦高度依賴碳水化合物代謝，中樞神經系統對硫胺素缺乏極為敏感，因此在出現神經症狀時迅速補充至關重要。
作用機制
Thiamine is actively transported into cells where it combines with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to form thiamine diphosphate (thiamine pyrophosphate or TPP).
- Enzymatic Co-factor: TPP is an essential coenzyme for several key metabolic enzymes, including pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (both critical for the Krebs cycle/aerobic energy production), and transketolase (pentose phosphate pathway).
- Metabolic Pathway: Glucose → Pyruvate. Without TPP, pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl-CoA.
- Pathophysiology of Deficiency: Diminished NADH production forces the cell into anaerobic glycolysis, converting accumulated pyruvic acid into lactic acid → Lactic acidosis and cellular energy failure (especially in high-demand tissues like the brain and heart).
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to thiamine or any of its components
不良反應
- Hypersensitivity or anaphylactic reactions (rare)
- Vasovagal anaphylactic response in cats (cardiac arrest, severe bradycardia, apnea, hypotension, collapse) when given SC (rare)
- Injection site tenderness or muscle soreness (IM)
- Pain at the injection site (IM/SC)
- Anaphylaxis or hypersensitivity reactions (primarily with rapid IV administration)
注意事項
Anaphylaxis Warning: Hypersensitivity reactions, though rare, can occur. A severe vasovagal anaphylactic response has been noted in a small number of cats following subcutaneous administration.
- Administration: Intravenous administration should be performed slowly or diluted in fluids to minimize adverse cardiovascular reactions.
- Laboratory Interference: May cause false-positive serum uric acid results (phosphotungstate method) and urobilinogen urine spot tests (Ehrlich's reagent). Large doses may interfere with theophylline concentration assays (Schack and Wexler method).
藥物相互作用
Thiamine may enhance the activity of neuromuscular blocking agents; clinical significance is unknown.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of neurologic, gastrointestinal, or cardiac signs)
- Electrolyte levels (potassium, phosphate, magnesium) if treating conditions like feline hepatic lipidosis
- Resolution of clinical signs of thiamine deficiency (e.g., neurological improvement)
- Dietary intake and nutritional balance
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Thiamine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
分佈
Widely distributed to most body tissues.
代謝
Metabolized by the liver.
排除
Elimination is primarily renal, with the majority of the drug eliminated as metabolites.
過量
Very large doses of thiamine in laboratory animals have been associated with neuromuscular or ganglionic blockade, though the clinical significance in veterinary patients is unknown.
- Massive Doses: May cause hypotension and respiratory depression.
- Lethal Dose: A lethal dose of 350 mg/kg has been reported.
- Treatment: Generally, no specific treatment is required for most overdoses due to its water-soluble nature and rapid renal excretion.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection: 100 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 500 mg/mL
- Tablets: 50 mg, 100 mg, 250 mg
- Enteric Coated Tablets: 20 mg
- Oral Powder/Crumbles/Supplement
- Injectable: 100 mg/ml solution
- Oral: various tablets, capsules, and liquids
獸醫用
- Thiamine HCl for Injection: 200 mg/mL in 100 mL and 250 mL vials
- Thiamine HCl for Injection: 500 mg/mL in 100 mL vials
- Thiamine HCl Dietary Supplement: 8,200 mg per lb (Horse Care Durvit B-1 Crumbles)
- Thiamine HCl Supplement: 500 mg/oz (Thia-Dex, Vitamin B-1 Powder)
- 100 mg/ml injectable solution (authorized for farm animals)
人用標示
- Thiamine Tablets: 50 mg, 100 mg & 250 mg
- Thiamine Enteric Coated Tablets: 20 mg (Thiamilate)
- Thiamine HCl Injection: 100 mg/mL in 1 mL and 2 mL vials
- Various oral supplements (tablets, capsules)
各地核准狀態
停藥期: cattle meat 0 days · cattle milk 0 hours
Injectable formulations are authorized for veterinary use in farm animals (POM-V). Oral forms are widely available on general sale.
停藥期: cattle meat 0 days · cattle milk 0 hours
Injectable formulations are POM-V (authorized for farm animals), while various oral formulations are available on general sale.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Protect from light and store at temperatures less than 40°C (preferably between 15-30°C); avoid freezing. Thiamine HCl is unstable in alkaline or neutral solutions, or with oxidizing/reducing agents. It is most stable at a pH of 2.
飼主須知
- 飲食管理： 確保您的寵物食用均衡的商業配方飲食。避免餵食生魚或完全生肉的飲食，因為這些會破壞硫胺素並導致嚴重缺乏。
- 給藥方式： 如果獸醫為您的寵物開立了硫胺素，請嚴格按照指示給藥，不要漏服。
- 觀察： 如果您發現寵物出現虛弱、步態不穩、癲癇發作，或者貓咪的頭部下垂至胸前（頸部腹側屈曲），請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
- 病因調查： 應對導致缺乏的原因（飲食、接觸特定植物、生魚等）進行流行病學調查，並做出必要的改變以防止復發。
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