硫噴妥鈉
Thiopental Sodium
Thiopental sodium
別名: Pentothal · Anesthal · Bensulf · Farmotal · Hipnopento · Inductal · Intraval · Nesdonal · Pensodital · Sandothal · Sodipental · Thionembutal · Thiopentax · Tiobarbital · Trapanal · Thiopentone sodium · natrium isopentylaethylthiobarbituricum · penthiobarbital sodique · thiomebumalnatrium cum natrii carbonate · thiopentalum natricum · thiopentobarbitalum solubile · tiopentol sodico
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 13.2-26.4 mg/kg | IV | once | depending on duration of anesthesia required | 🌎 NA |
| Brief anesthesia (7-10 minutes) | 15-17 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate anesthesia (10-15 minutes) | 18-22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Longer anesthesia (15-25 minutes) | 22-29 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (unpremedicated) | 22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 15.4 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after narcotic premedication) | 11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia induction | 12-15 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: One-third administered rapidly, additional amount to effect
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 13.2-26.4 mg/kg | IV | once | depending on duration of anesthesia required | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (unpremedicated) | 22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 15.4 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after narcotic premedication) | 11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia induction | 12-15 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: One-third administered rapidly, additional amount to effect
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia (Rabbits) | 15-30 mg/kg | IV | to effect | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (Rabbits) | 10-12 mg/kg | IV | to effect | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Mice) | 50 mg/kg | IP | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rats) | 40 mg/kg | IP | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Hamsters/Gerbils) | 30-40 mg/kg | IP | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Guinea pig) | 15-30 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rabbits) | 15-30 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia (with preanesthetic tranquilization) | 6-12 mg/kg (average 8.25 mg/kg) | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (without preanesthetic tranquilization) | 8.8-15.4 mg/kg (average 9.9-11 mg/kg) | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after xylazine or acepromazine) | 1 gram per 90 kg body weight as a 10% solution | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after sedation and guaifenesin) | 5.5 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 8.8-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia (after xylazine or acepromazine): Given evenly over 20 seconds, 15 minutes after premedication
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 8.14-15.4 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Deep surgical anesthesia (unweaned calves fasted 6-12h) | no more than 6.6 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (calves under 2 weeks of age) | 15-22 mg/kg | IV | once | 10-12 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after sedation and guaifenesin) | 5.5 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (after tranquilization) | 8.8-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia (calves under 2 weeks of age): Administer slowly until complete muscular relaxation
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 5.5-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Anesthesia (swine weighing 5-50 kg) | 10-11 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 9.9-15 mg/kg | IV | once | depending on depth required | 🌎 NA |
山羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia | 20-22 mg/kg | IV | once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia: Given after atropine (0.7 mg/kg) IM
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
硫噴妥鈉是一種超短效硫代巴比妥類藥物，主要用於全身麻醉的誘導或極短時間手術的單一麻醉劑。
臨床要點：
- 重新分佈動力學： 其作用時間短（10-30分鐘）是由於藥物從血流豐富的中樞神經系統快速重新分佈到肌肉和脂肪組織，而非快速代謝。
- 視覺獵犬敏感性： 靈緹犬（格雷伊獵犬）及其他視覺獵犬由於代謝處理差異和體脂較低，恢復期會延長；通常建議使用其他誘導劑（如丙泊酚、阿法沙龍或美索比妥）。
- 組織毒性： 硫噴妥溶液呈強鹼性（pH > 10）。血管外漏出會導致嚴重的組織刺激和壞死。 必須透過穩固的靜脈留置針給藥。
- 致心律不整性： 它會使心肌對兒茶酚胺敏感，常在犬隻引起短暫的室性二聯律。
作用機制
Thiopental is a highly lipid-soluble thiobarbiturate.
- Mechanism: It binds to the GABA_A receptor complex in the central nervous system.
- Pathway: Binding → increases the duration of chloride ion channel opening → enhances chloride influx → hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic neuronal membrane → profound CNS depression, hypnosis, and anesthesia.
- Due to its high lipid solubility, it rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, resulting in anesthesia within 15-30 seconds of IV injection.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Absence of suitable veins for IV administration (Absolute)
- History of hypersensitivity to barbiturates (Absolute)
- Status asthmaticus (Absolute)
- Preexisting leukopenia in horses
- Use with extreme caution or avoid in greyhounds and other sight hounds
- Relative: Severe cardiovascular disease, ventricular arrhythmias, shock, increased intracranial pressure, myasthenia gravis, severe hepatic disease
不良反應
- Ventricular bigeminy (dogs)
- Apnea (especially in cats)
- Arterial hypotension
- Excitement and severe ataxia during recovery (horses, if used alone)
- Transient leukopenia and hyperglycemia (horses)
- Vascular dilatation and hypoglycemia (with rapid IV administration)
- Severe tissue necrosis (if administered perivascularly)
- Prolonged recovery with repeated doses
注意事項
WARNING: Thiopental is highly alkaline. Extravasation and intra-arterial injections must be strictly avoided to prevent severe tissue necrosis and CNS toxicity.
- Sight Hounds: Greyhounds metabolize thiobarbiturates much more slowly; prolonged recoveries are common. Consider alternatives.
- Administration: Give strictly to effect. Repeated doses accumulate and significantly prolong recovery.
- Dilution: Do not use concentrations less than 2% in sterile water as they may cause hemolysis.
- Pregnancy: Readily crosses the placental barrier; use with caution (FDA Category C).
藥物相互作用
IV clonidine prior to induction may reduce thiopental dosage requirements by up to 37%
May enhance respiratory and CNS depressant effects
Potential for hypotension
Ventricular fibrillatory effects may be potentiated when used with thiobarbiturates and halothane
Given prior to induction may reduce thiopental dosage requirements
May potentiate hypnotic effects
Given prior to induction may reduce thiopental dosage requirements
May potentiate thiopental effects; hypotension possible
May displace thiopental from plasma proteins
Thiopental and sulfas may displace one another from plasma proteins
監測
- Level of hypnosis/anesthesia
- Respiratory status (rate, depth, apnea)
- Cardiac status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Following IV injection, hypnosis and anesthesia occur within one minute (usually 15-30 seconds).
分佈
Rapidly enters the CNS due to high lipid solubility, then redistributes to muscle and adipose tissue.
代謝
Metabolized by the hepatic microsomal system into several metabolites.
排除
Very little of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine. Elimination half-life in dogs is approximately 7 hours (3-4 hours in sheep).
過量
Treatment of thiobarbiturate overdosage consists of:
- Respiratory Support: Provide oxygen (O2) and mechanical ventilation.
- Cardiovascular Support: Provide IV fluids and supportive care.
Note: Do NOT use catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine) as they may induce fatal ventricular arrhythmias in the presence of thiobarbiturates.
可用產品
劑型
- Powder for injection: 2% (20 mg/mL)
- Powder for injection: 2.5% (25 mg/mL)
獸醫用
- None presently being marketed in USA
人用標示
- Thiopental Sodium Powder for Injection: 2% (20 mg/mL)
- Thiopental Sodium Powder for Injection: 2.5% (25 mg/mL)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Dry form is stable indefinitely. Reconstitute only with sterile water, normal saline, or D5W. Concentrations <2% in sterile water should not be used (may cause hemolysis). Reconstituted solutions are stable for 3 days at room temperature and 7 days refrigerated; however, use within 24 hours is recommended as no preservative is present. Do not administer if a precipitate is visible.
飼主須知
硫噴妥是一種注射型麻醉劑，僅限由獸醫專業人員在醫院環境中使用。
- 監測： 您的寵物在麻醉期間將受到密切監測，包括心跳速率、呼吸和血壓。
- 恢復： 麻醉恢復可能需要幾個小時。某些品種（特別是靈緹犬和其他視覺獵犬）的恢復時間可能會顯著延長。
- 麻醉後護理： 寵物回家後，請遵循獸醫關於餵食和活動的指示。
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。