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噻嗎洛爾

Timolol

Timolol maleate

眼科β-受體阻斷劑（非選擇性）Topical狗貓

別名: Azarga · CoSopt · Timoptol · Timololum

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

One drop per affected eyetopical· q8-12h

劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
GlaucomaOne drop per affected eyetopicalq8-12h—🌍 EU
  • Glaucoma: Can be used alone or in combination with dorzolamide/brinzolamide

貓

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
GlaucomaOne drop per affected eyetopicalq12h—🌍 EU
  • Glaucoma: Dorzolamide alone reaches maximal IOP lowering efficiency in cats

劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。

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概覽

噻嗎洛爾是一種局部非選擇性β-受體阻斷劑，主要用於​控制犬貓的青光眼​。可單獨使用或與其他局部青光眼藥物（如碳酸酐酶抑制劑）合併使用。

​臨床警告：​ 噻嗎洛爾會引起瞳孔縮小，因此可能不適用於葡萄膜炎、晶狀體前脫位或瞳孔阻滯的病患。局部給藥可能發生全身性吸收，進而影響心血管系統。

作用機制

Timolol acts as a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It decreases aqueous humour production via beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in the ciliary body, which subsequently lowers intraocular pressure (IOP).

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • Uncontrolled heart failure
  • Asthma
  • Uveitis
  • Anterior lens luxation
  • Pupil block

不良反應

  • Miosis
  • Conjunctival hyperaemia
  • Local ocular irritation
  • Bradycardia (systemic)
  • Hypotension (systemic)

注意事項

Normal precautions should be observed for safety and handling.

​Systemic Absorption:​ Be aware that topical application can lead to systemic absorption, potentially causing bradycardia and reduced blood pressure. Use with caution in small patients or those with pre-existing cardiovascular or respiratory disease.

藥物相互作用

Oral beta-blockersMajor

Additive adverse effects (bradycardia, hypotension)

Calcium antagonistsMajor

Prolonged AV conduction times

DigoxinMajor

Prolonged AV conduction times

監測

  • Intraocular pressure (IOP)
  • Heart rate and rhythm
  • Blood pressure

藥物動力學

吸收

Absorbed locally into the eye; systemic absorption can occur via the nasolacrimal duct and conjunctival vessels.

分佈

Distributes well into ocular tissues.

代謝

Systemically absorbed drug is metabolized in the liver.

排除

Excreted primarily via the kidneys if systemically absorbed.

過量

Overdosage via topical application is rare but may lead to exacerbated systemic effects such as bradycardia, hypotension, and bronchospasm. Treatment is supportive and symptomatic. Excess topical product should be flushed from the eye with sterile saline.

可用產品

劑型

  • 0.25% ophthalmic solution
  • 0.5% ophthalmic solution
  • 1% brinzolamide / 0.5% timolol ophthalmic suspension (Azarga)
  • 2% dorzolamide / 0.5% timolol ophthalmic solution (CoSopt)

人用標示

  • Azarga (1% brinzolamide/0.5% timolol)
  • CoSopt (2% dorzolamide/0.5% timolol)
  • Timoptol (0.25%, 0.5% solutions)
  • Timolol generic solutions

各地核准狀態

United States✓ 已核准處方藥FDA

Human approved products used off-label in veterinary medicine.

European Union✓ 已核准處方藥EMA

POM (Prescription Only Medicine)

United Kingdom✓ 已核准處方藥VMD

POM (Prescription Only Medicine)

暫無法規資料: 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

儲存與穩定性

Store at room temperature, protected from light and moisture. Keep bottles tightly closed.

飼主須知

請嚴格按照獸醫的指示點眼藥水。

  • 在使用不同的眼藥水之間​請等待 5-10 分鐘​，以免沖洗掉前一種藥物。
  • 請勿讓滴管尖端接觸眼睛或任何表面，以防污染。
  • 請觀察寵物是否有嗜睡、虛弱或呼吸困難的跡象，因為藥物有時會被身體吸收並影響心率。

VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。