托曲珠利
**托曲珠利 (Toltrazuril)** 是一種三嗪酮類抗原蟲藥，主要在歐洲被核准用於治療家禽和豬的球蟲感染。在伴侶動物醫學中，常被標示外使用於治療多種原蟲感染。 **主要用途：** - 犬貓的球蟲症 - 等孢球蟲 (Isospora) 或 肝簇蟲 (Hepatozoon) 感染 - 貓弓形蟲的卵囊排泄期 - 爬蟲類（如鬆獅蜥）的嚴重寄生蟲感染 **臨床重點：** - 托曲珠利是**泊那珠利 (ponazuril)** 的母體化合物，後者在美國更為常用且易於取得。 - 雖然它能在患有美洲犬肝簇蟲症 (ACH) 的犬隻中引發極佳的初期臨床反應，但無法完全清除寄生蟲，且緩解通常是短暫的。 - **法規注意事項：** 本藥在美國並無市售，必須為了人道使用而合法專案進口。
作用機制: The exact mechanism of action is not completely understood, but as a triazinone derivative, it acts on all intracellular developmental stages of coccidia. - **Pathway:** It appears to inhibit protozoal enzyme systems → disrupts the division of the nucleus and the activity of the mitochondria → impairs the respiratory metabolism of the parasite → protozoal death. - It is rapidly metabolized in the liver to its active sulfone derivative, **ponazuril**.
各物種劑量
- Enteroepithelial cycle of toxoplasmosis (oocyst shedding) · 5-10 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 2 days
- Coccidiosis · 30 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 2-3 days
- Coccidiosis · 20 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 3 days
- Isospora spp. · 9-20 mg/kg · PO · once · Single dose; further treatment is only indicated if oocyst shedding persists · Not authorized for use in cats but appears to be effective. Standard dose is 9 mg/kg. Higher doses up to 20 mg/kg can be used if required.
- Ovine coccidiosis (Eimeria ovinoidalis) · 20 mg/kg PO once · PO · once · 1 dose · Controlled study comparing efficacy against diclazuril.
- Coccidiosis in raptors · 7 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 2-3 days
- Parasitism in Bearded Dragons · 5-15 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 3 days
- Coccidiosis (Cystoisosporosis) prevention · 10-20 mg/kg PO one time · PO · once · 1 dose · Administer to all puppies at 3-4 weeks of age to help prevent problems associated with intestinal coccidiosis.
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to toltrazuril or other triazinone antiprotozoals (e.g., ponazuril, diclazuril)
- Puppies or kittens < 2 weeks of age
- Animals weighing < 0.4 kg
不良反應
- Generally well tolerated in birds
- Potential gastrointestinal upset in mammals
- Blisters on nose and mouth (extrapolated from ponazuril use in horses)
- Rash or hives (extrapolated from ponazuril use in horses)
- Mild diarrhoea
- Vomiting
藥物相互作用
- Emodepside · Frequently formulated together; no negative interactions known between the two, but refer to emodepside monograph for its specific interactions. · minor
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of clinical signs, negative fecal tests)
- Fecal flotation to monitor for resolution of oocyst shedding
- Resolution of clinical signs (e.g., diarrhea)
過量
Very limited information is available. - **Horses:** Doses up to 10X were tolerated without significant adverse effects. - **Poultry:** 5X overdoses have been tolerated without clinical signs. Decreased water intake has been observed if overdoses are greater than 5X.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。