甲苯噻嗪
Xylazine
Xylazine hydrochloride
別名: Rompun · AnaSed · Sedazine · Cervizine · Chanazine · Gemini · Nerfasin · Sedaxylan · Virbaxyl · Xylacare · Xylapan · Xylazine HCl · Bay-Va-1470 · Xylazine hydrochloride
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
經審核的 v13 劑量證據
經審核的非計算證據經審核的非計算證據 (2)
只供證據參考，不會自動計算
Preanesthetic agent (extra-label)
Preanesthetic agent (extra-label): 0.2 – 1 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC 20
必須同時考慮的臨床上下文 (3)
- NOTE: A reversal agent should always be on hand; reversal of sedative effects also reverses analgesic effects.
- NOTE: Most clinicians prefer using newer alpha-2 agonists (eg, dexmedetomidine) that have a greater selectivity for the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor.
- Do not store above 30°C (86°F). Some manufacturers state to store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F-77°F) and permit excursions up to 40°C (104°F).
只供證據參考，不會自動計算
Analgesic adjunct (extra-label)
Analgesic adjunct (extra-label): 0.05 – 0.5 mg/kg IV, IM, or SC
必須同時考慮的臨床上下文 (3)
- NOTE: A reversal agent should always be on hand; reversal of sedative effects also reverses analgesic effects.
- NOTE: Most clinicians prefer using newer alpha-2 agonists (eg, dexmedetomidine) that have a greater selectivity for the alpha-2 adrenergic receptor.
- Do not store above 30°C (86°F). Some manufacturers state to store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F-77°F) and permit excursions up to 40°C (104°F).
劑量為持牌獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品說明書及個別病患確認。
概覽
甲苯噻嗪（Xylazine）是一種強效的Alpha-2 腎上腺素受體激動劑，在獸醫學中廣泛用作鎮靜劑、鎮痛藥和肌肉鬆弛劑。它也常被用作貓的可靠催吐劑。
臨床要點： 不同物種對甲苯噻嗪的敏感性差異極大。反芻動物對其極度敏感，僅需馬匹劑量的約十分之一即可達到相同效果。相反，豬具有高度抗性，需要反芻動物劑量的20-30倍。
雖然它能提供極佳的內臟鎮痛效果（特別是在馬匹中），但由於其顯著的心血管抑制作用（包括心跳過緩、心律不整和心輸出量減少），在小動物中的使用通常保留給年輕、健康的病患。它未獲 FDA 批准用於食用動物，儘管有時會在嚴格的停藥期規範下進行標籤外使用。
作用機制
Xylazine stimulates presynaptic and postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
- Sedation & Analgesia: Activation of central alpha-2 receptors → decreased release of norepinephrine and dopamine → profound CNS depression and analgesia.
- Muscle Relaxation: Centrally mediated inhibition of intraneuronal transmission of impulses in the CNS.
- Cardiovascular Effects (Biphasic): Initial stimulation of peripheral alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors → transient vasoconstriction and hypertension → subsequent central sympatholytic effect → hypotension, bradycardia, and potentially second-degree AV block. Cardiac output can decrease by up to 30%.
- Emesis: Stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ), particularly in cats.
- Endocrine/Renal: Decreases insulin release → transient hyperglycemia. Decreases ADH production → polyuria (especially in ruminants).
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Animals receiving epinephrine
- Active ventricular arrhythmias
- Preexisting cardiac dysfunction
- Hypotension or shock
- Respiratory dysfunction
- Severe hepatic or renal insufficiency
- Preexisting seizure disorders
- Severely debilitated animals
- Last trimester of pregnancy (particularly in cattle)
- Dehydrated or debilitated ruminants
- Urinary tract obstruction (ruminants)
- Intra-arterial injection (may cause severe seizures and collapse)
- Cardiovascular disease
- Systemic disease affecting cardiovascular performance
- Geriatric patients
- Pregnant animals
- Diabetic animals
- Patients receiving sympathomimetic amines
- Conditions where vomiting is contraindicated (e.g., foreign body, raised intraocular pressure)
- Ingestion of strong acids, alkalis, or volatile/oily organic products
- Unconscious or seizing animals, or those with a reduced cough reflex
不良反應
- Emesis (especially in cats, occasionally dogs)
- Muscle tremors
- Bradycardia with partial A-V block
- Reduced respiratory rate and tidal volume
- Sudden movement or kicking in response to sharp auditory stimuli (especially horses)
- Increased urination (cats, cattle)
- Bloat from aerophagia (dogs, cattle)
- Sweating (horses)
- Salivation, ruminal atony, regurgitation, and diarrhea (cattle)
- Premature parturition (cattle)
- Transient hypertension followed by hypotension
- Decreased mucociliary clearance (horses)
- Cardiovascular depression (bradycardia, arrhythmias)
- Vomiting (especially in cats)
- Diuresis (suppression of ADH secretion)
- Transient hyperglycaemia (decreased insulin secretion)
- Mydriasis
- Decreased intraocular pressure
- Increased uterine motility
注意事項
Use extreme caution in ruminants due to high sensitivity; ensure correct product concentration (20 mg/mL vs 100 mg/mL). Horses may appear deeply sedated but can still kick violently in response to sudden noises (auditory stimuli). May induce premature parturition in cattle. Can inhibit GI motility; use cautiously in patients with intestinal impactions. Use cautiously in horses during the vasoconstrictive phase of laminitis. Brachycephalic dogs and horses with upper airway disease may develop dyspnea.
藥物相互作用
Potential for additive hypotensive effects; use cautiously in animals susceptible to hemodynamic complications.
Prolonged sedation and gastrointestinal stasis possible.
Additive CNS depression. Dosages of these agents may need to be reduced.
May induce the development of ventricular arrhythmias (with or without concurrent halothane).
May cause colic-like clinical signs in horses; concurrent use should be avoided.
Significantly reduces the dose of all other anaesthetic agents required to maintain anaesthesia.
Increased risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias.
監測
- Level of anesthesia/analgesia
- Respiratory function (rate, depth, tidal volume)
- Cardiovascular status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
- Hydration status (especially if polyuria is present)
- Heart rate and rhythm (ECG)
- Respiratory rate and depth
- Blood glucose (in susceptible patients)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Rapid following IM injection, but bioavailabilities are incomplete and variable (40-48% in horses, 17-73% in sheep, and 52-90% in dogs).
分佈
Widely distributed; crosses the blood-brain barrier to exert central effects.
代謝
Undergoes hepatic metabolism.
排除
Metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. Not detected in milk of lactating dairy cattle at 5 and 21 hours post-dose.
過量
In the event of an accidental overdosage, profound CNS and respiratory depression, hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias may occur. Seizures have also been reported.
- Reversal Agents: Alpha-2 antagonists such as yohimbine, atipamezole, and tolazoline can be used alone or in combination to reverse the effects of xylazine and speed recovery times.
- Supportive Care: Mechanical respiratory support and respiratory stimulants (e.g., doxapram) may be required to treat severe respiratory depressant effects.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection: 20 mg/mL
- Injection: 100 mg/mL
- Injection: 300 mg/mL (for deer and elk)
- Injectable: 20 mg/ml solution
獸醫用
- Xylazine Injection: 20 mg/mL in 20 mL vials
- Xylazine Injection: 100 mg/mL in 50 mL vials
- Xylazine Injection: 300 mg/mL (Cervizine, for deer and elk)
- Chanazine 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Nerfasin 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Rompun 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Sedaxylan 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Virbaxyl 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Xylacare 20 mg/ml solution for injection
- Xylapan 20 mg/ml solution for injection
各地核准狀態
POM-V
POM-V
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Do not store above 30°C (86°F). Reportedly physically compatible in the same syringe with acepromazine, buprenorphine, butorphanol, chloral hydrate, and meperidine. Compounded mixtures of ketamine, acepromazine, and xylazine ('KAX') are stable for at least 180 days if stored at room temperature in the dark.
飼主須知
甲苯噻嗪是一種強效的鎮靜和止痛藥物，用於在醫療程序中使動物平靜，或作為麻醉方案的一部分。
- 嘔吐： 貓（有時是狗）在接受此藥物後不久嘔吐是非常常見的。這是預期中的反應，有時這正是給予該藥物的主要原因（例如，如果您的寵物吃下了有毒物質）。
- 恢復期： 您的寵物在程序結束後的幾個小時內可能會感到昏沉、步態不穩或嗜睡。請將牠們安置在安靜、安全且舒適的環境中，直到完全清醒。
- 驚嚇反射： 即使動物（尤其是馬匹）看起來睡得很沉，突然的巨大聲響仍可能使牠們受到驚嚇或猛烈踢打。在鎮靜的動物周圍請務必保持安靜。
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