阿塞丙嗪

各物種劑量

給藥途徑

禁忌症

• Significant cardiac disease
• Hypovolemia, hypotension, or shock
• Tetanus or strychnine intoxication
• Intra-arterial injection in horses (can cause severe CNS excitement, seizures, death)
• Use with extreme caution in very young, geriatric, or debilitated animals
• Avoid in racing animals within 4 days of a race

不良反應

• Hypotension and cardiovascular collapse
• Bradycardia (vagally mediated) or reflex tachycardia
• Hypothermia or hyperthermia
• Penile protrusion/prolapse in large animals (especially stallions)
• Prolapse of the membrana nictitans (third eyelid)
• Decreased tear production (especially in cats)
• Paradoxical excitement, restlessness, or aggression
• Transient pain at IM injection sites
• Decreased hematocrit (due to splenic sequestration of RBCs)

藥物相互作用

• Acetaminophen · Possible increased risk for hypothermia
• Antacids · May cause reduced GI absorption of oral phenothiazines
• Antidiarrheal mixtures (Kaolin/pectin, bismuth) · May cause reduced GI absorption of oral phenothiazines
• CNS Depressant Agents (barbiturates, narcotics, anesthetics) · May cause additive CNS depression if used with acepromazine
• Dopamine · Acepromazine may impair the vasopressive action of dopamine
• Emetics · Acepromazine may reduce the effectiveness of emetics
• Epinephrine, Ephedrine · Concomitant use can lead to unopposed beta-activity causing vasodilation and increased cardiac rate (epinephrine reversal)
• Metoclopramide · May increase risks for extrapyramidal adverse effects
• Opiates · May enhance hypotensive effects; dosages of acepromazine are generally reduced when used with an opiate
• Organophosphate Agents · Effects may be potentiated; do not give within one month of worming with these agents
• Phenytoin · Metabolism may be decreased if given concurrently
• Procaine · Activity may be enhanced by phenothiazines

監測

• Cardiac rate, rhythm, and blood pressure (especially in compromised patients)
• Degree of tranquilization and sedation
• Male horses: Monitor to ensure the penis retracts and is not injured
• Body temperature (especially if ambient temperature is very hot or cold)

過量

The LD50 in mice is 61 mg/kg IV and 257 mg/kg PO. Dogs have survived oral dosages up to 220 mg/kg, but overdoses can cause serious **hypotension, CNS depression, pulmonary edema, and hyperemia**. **Clinical Signs of Toxicity:** * **Dogs:** Ataxia, sedation, lethargy, depression, protrusion of the third eyelid, somnolence, bradycardia, and recumbency. * **Cats:** Sedation, ataxia, lethargy, protrusion of the third eyelid, and depression. **Treatment:** * Because of relatively low toxicity, most overdoses are handled by monitoring and symptomatic treatment. * Massive oral overdoses should be treated by emptying the gut if possible. * **Hypotension:** Should *not* be treated initially with fluids. If fluids fail to maintain BP, use alpha-adrenergic pressor agents (e.g., phenylephrine). *Note: Avoid epinephrine due to the risk of "epinephrine reversal" causing further vasodilation.* * **Seizures:** May be controlled with barbiturates or diazepam. * **CNS Depression:** Doxapram has been suggested as an antagonist to the CNS depressant effects.