乙酸 / 醋酸
**乙酸**（通常以3-5%的稀釋形式被稱為醋）是一種主要用於大型動物醫學的胃腸道酸化劑。 * **反芻動物**：用於治療非蛋白氮（如尿素）引起的氨中毒，是一種挽救生命的療法。 * **馬**：作為預防性治療，透過降低結腸pH值來防止腸結石的形成。 > **臨床提示**：務必確認濃度！一般雜貨店販售的蒸餾白醋通常含有3-5%的乙酸，是獸醫急診中最安全、最易取得的形式。高濃度形式（如冰醋酸）具有高度腐蝕性，在處理和稀釋時必須極度小心。
作用機制: The primary mechanism of action relies on altering the pH of the gastrointestinal tract: * **Ion Trapping (Ruminants)**: Lowers rumen pH → shifts toxic, un-ionized ammonia (NH3) to the ionized ammonium ion (NH4+) → **NH4+ cannot easily cross cell membranes**, significantly reducing systemic absorption of toxic ammonia into the bloodstream. * **Enzyme Inhibition**: Slows the hydrolysis of urea by rumen microbes. * **Mineral Solubility (Horses)**: Lowering the colonic pH increases the solubility of minerals (such as magnesium and phosphorus), preventing them from precipitating and forming **enteroliths**.
各物種劑量
- Treatment of urea poisoning · Infuse 5% acetic acid (vinegar) into rumen; may be repeated as necessary if clinical signs reoccur · Intraruminal · As needed · Dose volume not explicitly specified for sheep in monograph, but indicated for ruminants generally.
- Treatment of urea poisoning · Infuse 5% acetic acid (vinegar) into rumen; may be repeated as necessary if clinical signs reoccur · Intraruminal · As needed · Dose volume not explicitly specified for goats in monograph, but indicated for ruminants generally.
- Putrefaction of rumen associated with a high rumen pH · 4-10 liters of vinegar · PO/Intraruminal · Once
- Treatment of urea poisoning · 2-6 liters into rumen · Intraruminal · may be repeated as necessary if clinical signs reoccur · Using 5% acetic acid (vinegar). Recovery ranges from 8-24 hours. A post-recovery pro-biotic rumen inoculation may enhance the gain and productivity of urea poisoned animals.
- Enterolith prevention · 250 mL/450 kg body weight PO · PO · once daily · Using vinegar.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品仿單及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Potential lactic acidosis (grain overload, rumen acidosis)
不良反應
- Mucous membrane irritation
- Unpleasant taste
藥物相互作用
- Oral medications · Due to its acidic qualities, it could potentially affect the degradation or absorption of several drugs in the gut.
監測
- Rumen pH
- Clinical signs of ammonia toxicosis (e.g., tremors, tachypnea, convulsions)
- Resolution of clinical signs
過量
When used for appropriate indications, there is little likelihood of serious toxicity occurring after minor overdoses. Due to its potential corrosiveness, the greatest concern would occur if a concentrated form of acetic acid (e.g., glacial acetic acid) was mistakenly used instead of a diluted form (3-5%).
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。