乙醯氧肟酸
Acetohydroxamic Acid
N-Hydroxyacetamide
別名: Lithostat · Uronefrex · AHA · Acetic acid oxime · N-Acetylhydroxylamide · N-Hydroxyacetamide
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjunctive therapy of persistent struvite uroliths and persistent urease-producing bacteria after treating with antibiotics and calculolytic diets | 12.5 mg/kg twice daily PO | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
乙醯氧肟酸 (AHA) 是一種特殊藥物，主要用於犬隻作為頑固性磷酸銨鎂結石（膀胱結石）及由產尿素酶細菌引起的慢性泌尿道感染的輔助治療。
- 臨床要點：由於副作用較大，通常僅在標準抗生素和處方飲食無效的難治性病例中使用。
- 警告：貓咪絕對禁用，具有嚴重毒性。
作用機轉
AHA acts as a potent, reversible inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme urease.
- Urease normally hydrolyzes urea → ammonia + carbon dioxide.
- By inhibiting urease, AHA → decreases urinary ammonia, bicarbonate, and carbonate concentrations → prevents the alkalinization of urine (keeps pH lower).
- This acidic environment increases the solubility of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and carbonate-apatite crystals, and enhances the efficacy of concurrent antimicrobial therapy (e.g., carbenicillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfa, or chloramphenicol).
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Cats (highly toxic)
- Patients with poor renal function (e.g., serum creatinine >2.5 mg/dL)
- Pregnancy (FDA Category X - severe teratogenic effects)
不良反應
- Anorexia
- Vomiting
- Mouth and esophageal ulcers
- Hemolytic anemia
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Bilirubinuria
- CNS disturbances (anxiety, depression, tremulousness)
- Reticulocytosis
- Bone marrow depression
- Phlebitis
- Skin rashes and alopecia
注意事項
WARNING: Do NOT use in cats; AHA is highly toxic to felines.
- Renal Impairment: Contraindicated in patients with poor renal function (serum creatinine > 2.5 mg/dL).
- Pregnancy: Contraindicated during pregnancy (FDA Category X). In pregnant beagles, doses of 25 mg/kg/day caused cardiac, coccygeal, and abdominal wall abnormalities in puppies. Higher doses caused leg deformities and significant encephalopathologies.
- Adverse Effects: High incidence of adverse effects limits its clinical usefulness. Close monitoring is required.
藥物交互作用
AHA may chelate iron salts in the gut if given concomitantly, reducing absorption.
AHA may have a synergistic effect with methenamine in inhibiting urine pH increases caused by urease-producing Proteus spp., and may potentiate antibacterial effects.
In humans, concurrent use of AHA with alcohol has resulted in skin rashes.
監測
- CBC (Complete Blood Count)
- Renal function (including urinalysis)
- Hepatic function (specifically bilirubin levels)
藥物動力學
吸收
Rapidly absorbed after PO administration. Absolute bioavailability in animals is reported to be 50-60%.
分佈
Well distributed throughout body fluids.
代謝
Partially metabolized to acetamide, which is an active metabolite.
排除
36-65% of a dose is excreted in the urine unchanged, and 9-14% excreted in the urine as acetamide. The remainder is reportedly excreted as CO2 via the respiratory tract.
過量
Acute overdoses can lead to severe hematologic and neurologic signs.
- Clinical Signs: Anorexia, tremors, lethargy, vomiting, and anxiety.
- Hematologic Effects: Increased reticulocyte counts and severe hemolytic reactions. Mild overdoses over several weeks can also result in hemolysis, particularly in patients with reduced renal function.
- Treatment: Intensive hematologic monitoring with adjunctive supportive therapy, including possible blood transfusions.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral tablets
人用標示
- Acetohydroxamic Acid Oral Tablets: 250 mg (Lithostat)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Tablets should be stored in tight containers.
飼主須知
此藥物用於協助溶解犬隻頑固的膀胱結石及治療特定的泌尿道感染。
- 請嚴格按照醫囑給藥，絕對不可用於懷孕動物或貓咪。
-
重要提示：此藥物產生副作用的風險較高。
- 若發現以下症狀請立即聯繫獸醫師：持續或嚴重的嘔吐、食慾不振、尿液顏色改變（變深或帶血）、眼白變黃（黃疸）或極度疲倦/活力下降。
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