黑寡婦蜘蛛抗毒血清
Black Widow Spider Antivenin
Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans)
別名: Black Widow Spider Antivenin · Latrodectus mactans antivenin · Black widow antivenom
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | After reconstituting the antivenin, add to 100 mL of normal saline and administer via slow IV over 30 minutes. Pretreatment with 2-4 mg/kg of diphenhydramine SC may help calm the patient and may possibly protect against allergic reactions from the antivenin. | IV | Single dose | 30 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | Dissolve contents of one vial and add to 100-200 mL of warm 0.9% NaCl and infuse over 2-6 hours. Administer diphenhydramine at 0.5-1 mg/kg prior to infusion. | IV | Single dose | 2-6 hours | 🌎 NA |
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation: Monitor inner pinna during infusion for signs of anaphylaxis (hyperemia). If hyperemia occurs, discontinue infusion and give a second dose of diphenhydramine. Benzodiazepines may alleviate muscle cramping.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | After reconstituting the antivenin, add to 100 mL of normal saline and administer via slow IV over 30 minutes. Pretreatment with 2-4 mg/kg of diphenhydramine SC may help calm the patient and may possibly protect against allergic reactions from the antivenin. | IV | Single dose | 30 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Black Widow Spider Envenomation | Dissolve contents of one vial and add to 100-200 mL of warm 0.9% NaCl and infuse over 2-6 hours. Administer diphenhydramine at 0.5-1 mg/kg prior to infusion. | IV | Single dose | 2-6 hours | 🌎 NA |
- Black Widow Spider Envenomation: Monitor inner pinna during infusion for signs of anaphylaxis (hyperemia). If hyperemia occurs, discontinue infusion and give a second dose of diphenhydramine. Benzodiazepines may alleviate muscle cramping.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
黑寡婦蜘蛛抗毒血清是一種用於治療黑寡婦蜘蛛（Latrodectus mactans）咬傷中毒的救命生物製劑。
臨床重點：
- 物種敏感性： 貓、駱駝和馬對黑寡婦蜘蛛毒素極度敏感。
- 毒性特徵： 主要毒性症狀由毒液中強效的神經毒素（特別是 α-latrotoxin）引起，會導致神經傳導物質大量釋放，進而引發嚴重的肌肉痙攣、僵硬和自主神經不穩定。
- 取得困難度： 獸醫師可能難以取得罕見物種的抗毒血清。強烈建議聯繫毒物控制中心以獲取最新的採購與治療建議。
作用機轉
Antivenins act by directly neutralizing the complex protein venoms in the patient's systemic circulation.
- Mechanism: The product provides passive immunization via concentrated serum globulins obtained from horses previously immunized with black widow spider venom.
- Pharmacodynamic Pathway: The antibodies bind to alpha-latrotoxin → prevents the toxin from forming pores in presynaptic neuronal membranes → halts the massive, uncoordinated influx of calcium and subsequent depletion of neurotransmitter vesicles (like acetylcholine and norepinephrine).
- In humans, clinical symptoms typically begin to subside within 1-2 hours after administration.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Known severe hypersensitivity to equine serum (relative contraindication in life-threatening envenomation)
不良反應
- Anaphylaxis (incidence <2%)
- Anaphylactoid reactions (nausea, pruritus, hyperemia of the inner pinna)
- Serum sickness (delayed hypersensitivity)
注意事項
Anaphylaxis Risk: Because this product is derived from horse serum, there is a significant risk of anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions.
- Sensitivity Testing: A 1:10 dilution given intracutaneously (0.02-0.03 mL) is suggested to test for hypersensitivity (wheal/erythema within 30 mins indicates a positive reaction). However, a negative response does not guarantee safety.
- Administration Technique: Slow intravenous administration is usually sufficient to identify reacting animals.
- Pre-treatment: Administering diphenhydramine prior to the antivenin is strongly recommended to sedate the patient and reduce allergic reactions.
- Reaction Management: If an anaphylactoid reaction occurs (e.g., hyperemia of the inner pinna), stop the infusion, administer additional diphenhydramine, and restart 5 minutes later at a slower rate.
- Fluid Therapy Caution: Use care with IV fluids, as black widow envenomation can cause significant hypertension.
藥物交互作用
May mask the early signs associated with anaphylaxis
監測
- Signs associated with an allergic response to the antivenin (anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid-reactions, serum sickness)
- Respiratory/cardiac rate
- Blood pressure
- Serum chemistry (blood glucose mandatory)
- CBC
- Urine output; urinalysis
過量
Specific overdosage information is not provided. However, excessive administration of serum products increases the risk of volume overload and severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and serum sickness.
可用產品
劑型
- Powder for Injection
人用標示
- Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) Powder for Injection: greater than or equal to 6000 antivenin Units/vial in single-use vials with 1 vial diluent (2.5 mL vial of sterile water for injection) and l mL vial of normal horse serum (1:10 dilution) for sensitivity testing
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Product should be stored in the refrigerator (2-8°C). It is reconstituted by adding 2.5 mL of the diluent provided; shake the vial to completely dissolve the contents. Do not freeze the reconstituted solution. For IV use, further dilute the solution in 10-100 mL of normal saline injection.
飼主須知
黑寡婦蜘蛛咬傷中毒是一種危及生命的緊急情況，特別是對毒素高度敏感的貓咪而言。
- 治療風險： 抗毒血清非常有效，但由於是由馬血清製成，您必須了解在給藥過程中存在過敏性休克（嚴重的過敏反應）的潛在風險。
- 重症照護： 您的寵物需要密切監測、靜脈輸液，並可能需要其他藥物（如抗組織胺和肌肉鬆弛劑）來控制症狀並預防過敏反應。
- 費用： 由於抗毒血清的稀有性與製程，加上需要住院和密集監測，此治療的相關費用可能會相當高昂。
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