阿普拉黴素
**阿普拉黴素**是一種氨基環醇類抗生素（與氨基糖苷類密切相關），主要在獸醫學中用於治療家畜的腸道細菌感染，如豬大腸桿菌病，以及小牛和家禽的感染。 雖然在美國已無市售，但在國際上仍被使用。它對多種革蘭氏陰性菌具有顯著療效。由於成年動物胃腸道吸收不良，它對局部腸道感染非常有效。然而，**新生動物可能會全身性吸收該藥物**，從而增加典型氨基糖苷類毒性（腎毒性和耳毒性）的風險。
作用機制: Apramycin is **bactericidal**. It actively transports across the bacterial cell membrane and binds irreversibly to the **30S ribosomal subunit** → interferes with mRNA translation → inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. It is active against many gram-negative bacteria (e.g., *E. coli*, *Pseudomonas*, *Salmonella*, *Klebsiella*, *Proteus*, *Pasturella*, *Treponema hyodysenteriae*, *Bordetella bronchiseptica*), as well as *Staphylococcus* and *Mycoplasma*.
各物種劑量
- Bacterial enteritis caused by susceptible organisms · 20-40 mg/kg PO daily in drinking water · PO · daily
- Colibacillosis or salmonellosis (Calves) · 1-2 sachets to be administered in the drinking water, milk, or milk replacer to provide 20-40 mg of apramycin activity per kg of bodyweight daily according to the severity of the disease. Continue treatment for 5 days. · PO · daily · 5 days
- Bacterial enteritis caused by susceptible organisms (Poultry) · To be administered via drinking water to provide 250-500 mg of apramycin activity per liter for 5 days. This may be achieved by adding 50 g apramycin per 100-200 liters of water. · PO · daily · 5 days
- Bacterial enteritis caused by susceptible organisms · Treated pigs should consume enough water to receive 12.5 mg/kg body weight per day for 7 days. Add to drinking water at a rate of 375 mg per gallon. After adding to water, stir and allow to stand for 15 minutes, then stir again. · PO · daily · 7 days
- Bacterial enteritis caused by susceptible organisms · 20-40 mg/kg PO daily in drinking water · PO · daily
- Bacterial enteritis caused by susceptible organisms · Pigs: To be administered via the drinking water. Add 1 small measure (4.4 mL) or 1 sachet of soluble powder per 20 L of drinking water. · PO · daily
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品仿單及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to apramycin
- Cats
- Patients with myasthenia gravis
不良反應
- Ototoxicity (if systemically absorbed)
- Nephrotoxicity (if systemically absorbed)
藥物相互作用
- Neuromuscular blockers · Potential for enhanced neuromuscular blockade (extrapolated from neomycin)
- Nephrotoxic or Ototoxic drugs · Additive toxicity risk if apramycin is systemically absorbed (extrapolated from neomycin)
監測
- Clinical efficacy
- Renal function (if systemic absorption is suspected)
過量
If substantial amounts of the drug are absorbed systemically (e.g., in neonates or massive overdose), both ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are a distinct possibility. Treatment is supportive, focusing on maintaining hydration and renal perfusion.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。