硫酸阿托品

Atropine Sulfate

dl-hyoscyamine (racemic mixture of d-hyoscyamine and l-hyoscyamine)

抗膽鹼藥 / 抗毒蕈鹼藥IVIMSCPOIOIntratracheal (IT)Inhalation狗貓小型哺乳類雪貂鳥爬蟲類馬牛豬羊山羊

別名: Atroject · Atropine SA · Atropine L.A. · AtroPen · Sal-Tropine · dl-hyoscyamine · atrop. sulph. · atropine sulphate · atropini sulfas

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

0.01-0.02 mg/kgIM, IV· once

體重— 🐕

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
As a preanesthetic adjuvant (geriatric patients)	0.01-0.02 mg/kg	IM, IV	once	—	🌎 NA
As a preanesthetic adjuvant	0.074 mg/kg	IV, IM or SC	once	—	🌎 NA
As a preanesthetic adjuvant	0.02-0.04 mg/kg	SC, IM or IV	once	—	🌎 NA
During cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) efforts	0.04 mg/kg (IV or IO); 0.08-0.1 mg/kg (IT)	IV, IO, IT	every 3-5 minutes	maximum of 3 doses	🌎 NA
Adjunctive treatment of bradycardias, Incomplete AV block, etc.	0.02-0.04 mg/kg	IV or IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA
Atropine Response Test (Rishniw Preference)	0.04 mg/kg	IV	once	—	🌎 NA
Atropine Response Test (Kittleson Preference)	0.04 mg/kg	SQ	once	—	🌎 NA
Treatment of cholinergic toxicity	0.2-0.5 mg/kg	IV, IM, SC	as needed	—	🌎 NA
Treatment of bronchoconstriction	0.02-0.04 mg/kg	parenteral	as needed	duration of effect 1-1.5 hours	🌎 NA

As a preanesthetic adjuvant (geriatric patients): Do not use anticholinergics indiscriminately in geriatric patients.
During cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) efforts: For IT administration: dilute in 5-10 mL of sterile water before administering.
Atropine Response Test (Rishniw Preference): Wait 15 minutes, record ECG. Persistent sinus tachycardia at >140 bpm expected in vagally-mediated bradycardia.
Atropine Response Test (Kittleson Preference): Wait 30 minutes, record ECG. Persistent sinus tachycardia at >140 bpm expected in vagally-mediated bradycardia.
Treatment of cholinergic toxicity: 1/4 of the dose IV and the remainder IM or SC

貓

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
As a preanesthetic adjuvant (geriatric patients)	0.01-0.02 mg/kg	IM, IV	once	—	🌎 NA
As a preanesthetic adjuvant	0.074 mg/kg	IV, IM or SC	once	—	🌎 NA
As a preanesthetic adjuvant	0.02-0.04 mg/kg	SC, IM or IV	once	—	🌎 NA
During cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) efforts	0.04 mg/kg (IV or IO); 0.08-0.1 mg/kg (IT)	IV, IO, IT	every 3-5 minutes	maximum of 3 doses	🌎 NA
Treatment of bradycardias	0.02-0.04 mg/kg	SC, IM or IV	q4-6h	—	🌎 NA
Treatment of cholinergic toxicity	0.2-2 mg/kg	IV, SC, IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA

As a preanesthetic adjuvant (geriatric patients): Do not use anticholinergics indiscriminately in geriatric patients.
During cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) efforts: For IT administration: dilute in 5-10 mL of sterile water before administering.
Treatment of cholinergic toxicity: give 1/4th of the dose IV and the remainder SC or IM

小型哺乳類

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
To treat organophosphate toxicity (Rabbits/Rodents)	10 mg/kg	SC	q20 minutes	—	🌎 NA

雪貂

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
As a premed	0.05 mg/kg	SC or IM	once	—	🌎 NA

鳥

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
Organophosphate poisoning	0.2 mg/kg	IM	every 3-4 hours as needed	—	🌎 NA
To assist in diagnosing organophosphate poisoning	0.02 mg/kg	IV	once	—	🌎 NA
As a preanesthetic	0.04-0.1 mg/kg	IM or SC	once	—	🌎 NA

Organophosphate poisoning: 1/4th the initial dose is administered. Use with pralidoxime (not in raptors) at 10-20 mg/kg IM q8-12h as needed.
To assist in diagnosing organophosphate poisoning: If bradycardia does not reverse, may consider organophosphate toxicity.

爬蟲類

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
Organophosphate toxicity in most species	0.1-0.2 mg/kg	SC or IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA
Ptyalism in tortoises	0.05 mg/kg (50 micrograms/kg)	SC or IM	once daily	—	🌎 NA

馬

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
Treatment of bradyarrhythmias due to increased parasympathetic tone	0.01-0.02 mg/kg	IV	as needed	—	🌎 NA
Treatment of bradyarrhythmias due to increased parasympathetic tone	0.045 mg/kg	parenterally	as needed	—	🌎 NA
As a bronchodilator	5 mg	IV	once	—	🌎 NA
As a bronchodilator (rescue medication for severe airway obstruction)	5-7 mg/kg	IV	single rescue dose	—	🌎 NA
Organophosphate poisoning	Approximately 1 mg/kg	IV, SC	may repeat every 1.5-2 hours as required subcutaneously	—	🌎 NA
Organophosphate poisoning	0.22 mg/kg	IV, SC, IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA

As a bronchodilator: for a 400-500 kg animal
As a bronchodilator (rescue medication for severe airway obstruction): for a 450 kg horse. Abbreviated duration (0.5-2 hours). Adverse effects limit use to a single rescue dose.
Organophosphate poisoning: given to effect, IV (use mydriasis and absence of salivation as therapy endpoints)
Organophosphate poisoning: 1/4th of the dose administered IV and the remainder SC or IM

牛

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
As a preanesthetic	0.06-0.12 mg/kg	IM	once	—	🌎 NA
Adjunctive treatment of bovine hypersensitivity disease	1 gram per cow once daily followed by 0.5 gram/cow in 2-3 days	not specified	once daily then in 2-3 days	2-3 days	🌎 NA
Treatment of cholinergic toxicity (organophosphates)	0.5 mg/kg (average dose)	IV, SC, IM	may repeat q3-4h	1-2 days	🌎 NA

As a preanesthetic: Not used routinely as a preoperative agent in ruminants due to lack of extended efficacy and potential adverse reactions.
Treatment of cholinergic toxicity (organophosphates): give 1/4th of the dose IV and the remainder SC or IM

豬

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
Organophosphate toxicity	Use equine dose	IV, SC, IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA
As an adjunctive preanesthetic agent	0.04 mg/kg	IM	once	—	🌎 NA

羊

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
Treating organophosphate toxicity	Use the dose for cattle	IV, SC, IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA

山羊

適應症	劑量	途徑	頻次	療程	地區
Treating organophosphate toxicity	Use the dose for cattle	IV, SC, IM	as needed	—	🌎 NA

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

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概覽

硫酸阿托品是一種天然存在的顛茄生物鹼，也是獸醫學中廣泛使用的抗毒蕈鹼（抗膽鹼）原型藥物。

主要臨床應用包括：

急診醫學與心肺腦復甦術 (CPCR)：治療具有血流動力學意義的竇性心搏過緩、竇房結停搏及不完全性房室傳導阻滯。
麻醉：作為麻醉前給藥，以預防或減少呼吸道和唾液分泌，並減輕迷走神經介導的心搏過緩。
毒物學：作為膽鹼能藥物過量（包括有機磷、氨基甲酸酯、毒蕈鹼類蘑菇及藍綠藻中毒）的救命解毒劑。
呼吸系統：支氣管收縮疾病的輔助治療。

臨床要點：雖然阿托品非常有效，但在常規麻醉前給藥方案中，其使用正逐漸減少，轉向針對性使用或替代藥物（如格隆溴銨 Glycopyrrolate），因為後者較不易穿過血腦屏障且作用時間更長。

作用機轉

Atropine acts as a competitive, reversible antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) (M1-M5 subtypes) located at postganglionic parasympathetic neuroeffector sites.

By blocking acetylcholine (ACh) binding, it inhibits parasympathetic tone:

Cardiovascular: Blocks vagal tone at the SA and AV nodes → increases heart rate (positive chronotropy) and improves AV conduction (positive dromotropy).
Secretions: Inhibits glandular M3 receptors → decreases salivary, bronchial, and gastric secretions.
Smooth Muscle: Relaxes smooth muscle in the GI, urinary, and biliary tracts → decreases motility and spasm.
Ocular: Blocks M3 receptors in the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle → causes pupillary dilation (mydriasis) and paralysis of accommodation (cycloplegia).

Mechanistic Note: At very low doses, atropine can cause a paradoxical, transient bradycardia due to the blockade of presynaptic M1 autoreceptors on vagal postganglionic fibers, which normally inhibit ACh release. High doses may also block nicotinic receptors at autonomic ganglia and the neuromuscular junction.

安全性與警告

禁忌症

Narrow-angle glaucoma
Synechiae (adhesions) between the iris and lens
Hypersensitivity to anticholinergic drugs
Tachycardias secondary to thyrotoxicosis or cardiac insufficiency
Myocardial ischemia
Unstable cardiac status during acute hemorrhage
GI obstructive disease or paralytic ileus
Severe ulcerative colitis
Obstructive uropathy
Myasthenia gravis (unless used to reverse adverse muscarinic effects secondary to therapy)

不良反應

Dry mouth (xerostomia)
Dysphagia
Constipation
Vomiting
Thirst
Urinary retention or hesitancy
CNS stimulation, drowsiness, ataxia, seizures, respiratory depression
Blurred vision, pupil dilation (mydriasis), cycloplegia, photophobia
Sinus tachycardia (at higher doses)
Paradoxical bradycardia (initially or at very low doses)
Hypertension or hypotension
Arrhythmias (ectopic complexes)
Decreased gut motility (can induce colic in horses or rumen stasis in cattle)

注意事項

General Precautions:

Use with extreme caution in patients with known or suspected GI infections; decreased motility can prolong retention of causative agents or toxins.
Use with extreme caution in patients with autonomic neuropathy.
Use cautiously in patients with hepatic or renal disease, geriatric or pediatric patients, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, CHF, tachyarrhythmias, prostatic hypertrophy, or esophageal reflux.

Species-Specific Warnings:

Neonates: Reportedly not effective in treating bradycardias in puppies <14 days old or kittens <11 days old. May damage hypoxic myocardia in neonates.
Rabbits: Glycopyrrolate is preferred, as ~40% of rabbits possess endogenous atropinesterase, rendering atropine ineffective.
Horses: Systemic use may decrease gut motility and induce colic. May reduce arrhythmogenic doses of epinephrine.
Cattle: May result in inappetence and rumen stasis persisting for several days.
Food Animals: FARAD recommends a 28-day meat and 6-day milk withdrawal time when used at doses up to 0.2 mg/kg.