環丙沙星
Ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin HCl
別名: Cipro XR · Cipro I.V. · Ciloxan · ciprofloxacine · ciprofloxacinum · ciprofloxacino · Bay-q-3939
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5-15 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| UTI | 10 mg/kg PO once daily (q24h) | PO | q24h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Skin, soft tissue infections | 10-15 mg/kg PO once daily (q24h) | PO | q24h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Bone systemic infections, bacteremia and more resistant pathogens (e.g., Enterobacter) | 20 mg/kg PO once daily (q24h) | PO | q24h | 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Pyoderma | 11 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Ocular infections | 1 drop to affected eye | topical | q6h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Severe ocular infections (intensive therapy) | 1 drop to affected eye | topical | q30-120mins | 1-2 days | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible infections: Avoid or reduce dosage in severe renal failure; avoid in young animals or pregnant/breeding animals.
- Ocular infections: Standard therapy
- Severe ocular infections (intensive therapy): For short-term intensive use
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5-15 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Ocular infections | 1 drop to affected eye | topical | q6h | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Severe ocular infections (intensive therapy) | 1 drop to affected eye | topical | q30-120mins | 1-2 days | 🌍 EU |
- Susceptible infections: Avoid or reduce dosage in severe renal failure; avoid in young animals or pregnant/breeding animals.
- Ocular infections: Standard therapy
- Severe ocular infections (intensive therapy): For short-term intensive use
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections (Rabbits) | 5-20 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections (Chinchillas, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Hamsters, Mice, Rats) | 7-20 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Pasteurellosis (Rabbits) | 15-20 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | twice daily | minimum of 14 days in mild cases and up to several months in chronic infections | 🌎 NA |
- Pasteurellosis (Rabbits): ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin
雪貂
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 5-15 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
鳥
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible gram-negative infections | 20-40 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible gram-negative infections | 20 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible gram-negative infections | 10-15 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections (Ratites) | 3-6 mg/kg PO twice daily | PO | twice daily | — | 🌎 NA |
- Susceptible gram-negative infections: Using ciprofloxacin 500 mg tablets. Crushed tablet goes into suspension well, but must be shaken well before administering.
- Susceptible gram-negative infections: Using crushed tablets
- Susceptible gram-negative infections: Using crushed tablets or suspend
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
環丙沙星 (Ciprofloxacin) 是一種第二代氟喹諾酮類抗生素，廣泛應用於人類醫學，在獸醫學中也常作為標示外使用。
- 抗菌譜：廣效型，對許多革蘭氏陰性桿菌和球菌（包括綠膿桿菌、大腸桿菌、克雷伯氏菌屬）及部分革蘭氏陽性菌（如葡萄球菌屬，包含抗甲氧西林菌株）高度有效。對厭氧菌和多數鏈球菌的活性較弱。
- 藥代動力學特點：在狗體內，其口服生物利用度顯著低於恩諾沙星 (enrofloxacin) 且較不穩定（僅約 40-50%，而恩諾沙星 >80%）。因此，通常不建議在犬隻中將其作為恩諾沙星的 1:1 口服替代品。
- 臨床應用：通常在需要真正的靜脈注射 (IV) 氟喹諾酮製劑、針對特定細菌培養結果進行治療，或需要較大口服劑量規格時選用。
作用機轉
Ciprofloxacin is a bactericidal, concentration-dependent antibiotic.
- It enters the bacterial cell and inhibits two key type-II topoisomerase enzymes: DNA gyrase (primary target in gram-negative bacteria) and Topoisomerase IV (primary target in gram-positive bacteria).
- Inhibition of these enzymes → prevents DNA supercoiling and relaxation → halts DNA replication and transcription → rapid bacterial cell death (within 20-30 minutes of exposure).
- Exhibits a significant post-antibiotic effect (PAE), meaning bacterial growth continues to be suppressed even after drug concentrations fall below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones
- Small and medium breed dogs 2-8 months of age (due to cartilage damage)
- Large and giant breed dogs during their rapid growth phase (past 8 months of age)
- Known hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones
不良反應
- GI distress (vomiting, anorexia)
- Cartilage abnormalities in young, growing animals
- CNS stimulation (dizziness, seizures)
- Crystalluria
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Local irritation after application
- Local burning and itching (reported in humans)
- Lid margin crusting (reported in humans)
- Hyperaemia (reported in humans)
- Taste disturbances (reported in humans)
- Corneal staining (reported in humans)
- Keratitis (reported in humans)
- Lid oedema (reported in humans)
- Lacrimation (reported in humans)
- Photophobia (reported in humans)
- Corneal infiltrates (reported in humans)
- Nausea (reported in humans)
- Visual disturbances (reported in humans)
注意事項
Caution: Use with care in patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment (dosage adjustments may be required to prevent accumulation).
- Hydration: Animals should not be allowed to become dehydrated during therapy due to the risk of crystalluria.
- Neurologic: Use with caution in patients with seizure disorders due to potential CNS stimulation.
- Feline Retinal Toxicity: Use high doses in cats with caution. While retinal toxicity appears less likely than with enrofloxacin (as ciprofloxacin is less lipophilic), caution is still advised.
藥物交互作用
May bind to ciprofloxacin and prevent its absorption; separate doses by at least 2 hours
Synergism may occur against some bacteria (particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
May exacerbate nephrotoxicity and reduce the metabolism of cyclosporine
Severe hypoglycemia possible
Decreased ciprofloxacin absorption; separate doses by at least two hours
Increased MTX levels possible with resultant toxicity
May antagonize the antimicrobial activity of fluoroquinolones; concomitant use not recommended
May alter phenytoin levels
Blocks tubular secretion of ciprofloxacin and may increase its blood level and half-life
Increased risk for cardiotoxicity
May inhibit absorption of ciprofloxacin; separate doses by at least 2 hours
May increase theophylline blood levels
Potential for increased warfarin effects
監測
- Clinical efficacy
- Adverse effects (GI signs, CNS stimulation)
- Hydration status
- Clinical resolution of ocular infection
- Corneal healing (via fluorescein staining)
- Signs of local irritation or hypersensitivity
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Well absorbed after oral administration in most species, but in dogs, bioavailability is at least half that of enrofloxacin. Poorly absorbed in ponies (2-12%). Oral bioavailability is ~50% in calves and ~40% in pigs.
分佈
In humans, Vd is ~23.5 L/kg and 20-40% bound to serum proteins. Protein binding is ~70% in calves and ~23% in pigs.
代謝
Metabolized to various metabolites that are less active than the parent compound. (Note: Ciprofloxacin is itself a major active metabolite of enrofloxacin in many species).
排除
Approximately 15-50% eliminated unchanged into the urine by both tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Metabolites are eliminated in both urine and feces.
過量
Little specific information is available for ciprofloxacin overdosage in veterinary species. Overdoses may result in GI distress, CNS signs (tremors, seizures), or renal toxicity (crystalluria). Treatment should consist of supportive care, maintaining adequate hydration to prevent crystalluria, and gastric decontamination if ingestion was recent. See the enrofloxacin monograph for more extrapolated information.
可用產品
劑型
- Extended-release oral tablets
- Microcapsules for oral suspension
- Solution for injection
- Ophthalmic: 0.3% solution in 5 ml bottle
獸醫用
- None
人用標示
- Ciprofloxacin Oral Tablets: 100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg & 750 mg; Cipro®; generic
- Ciprofloxacin Extended-Release Oral Tablets: 500 mg & 1000 mg; Cipro XR®; generic
- Ciprofloxacin Microcapsules for Oral Suspension: 250 mg/5 mL (5%) & 500 mg/5 mL (10%) when reconstituted; Cipro®
- Ciprofloxacin Solution for Injection: 200 mg & 400 mg in 100 mL & 200 mL in 5% dextrose flexible containers (0.2%); Cipro® I.V.; generic
- Ciloxan 0.3% w/v eye drops, solution
各地核准狀態
Subject to veterinary prescription. Fluoroquinolones are restricted for use only when other antibiotics are ineffective.
POM-V or POM (human crossover). Must adhere to responsible antimicrobial use guidelines.
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Tablets should be stored in tight containers at temperatures less than 30°C. Protect from strong UV light. The injection should be stored at 5°-25°C and protected from light and freezing.
飼主須知
重要提示：請嚴格按照處方給藥，不可自行停藥，以確保感染被完全治癒。
- 給藥方式：最好在空腹時餵食。如果會引起腸胃不適，可以搭配少量零食，但絕對不可與乳製品（起司、牛奶、優格）一起餵食，因為鈣質會阻礙藥物吸收。
- 營養補充品：與制酸劑、鐵劑或鋅補充劑的給藥時間至少需間隔 2 小時。
- 水分補充：確保您的寵物隨時有充足的新鮮飲水，以防止尿液中形成結晶。
- 副作用：觀察是否有嘔吐、食慾不振或異常的神經症狀（如頭暈或發抖）。如果出現這些情況，請聯繫您的獸醫師。
- 成長中的寵物：此藥物通常避免用於年輕、正在生長期的動物，因為它可能會導致關節和軟骨問題。
VetSheet 藥物參考供合格獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠商最新仿單。