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氰鈷胺（維生素B12）

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Cyanocobalamin

維生素 / 營養補充劑SCIMIVPO狗貓馬牛豬羊

別名: Cyanoject · Rubesol · Crysti · Crystamine · Amtech Vitamin B12 · Anivit B12 · Cobalaplex · Cyanocobalamin PXN-B12 · Neo-Cytamen · Vitbee · cobalamins · cyanocobalamine · cyanocobalaminum · cobamin · cianokobalaminas · cianocobalamina · cycobemin · Hydroxocobalamin

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

25 micrograms/kgSC/IM· once per week for 4-6 weeks, then once monthly thereafter· Lifelong therapy may be required
— 🐕

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Cobalamin deficiency in dogs with severe GI disease (protein losing enteropathies, inflammatory bowel disease)25 micrograms/kgSC/IMonce per week for 4-6 weeks, then once monthly thereafterLifelong therapy may be required🌎 NA
Cobalamin deficiency associated with GI disease250-1200 micrograms (total dose)SConce weekly for 6 weeks, then every 14 days for 6 weeks, then one dose 30 days laterInitial 16-week protocol🌎 NA
Cobalamin deficiency associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency250-500 mcg (total dose)parenterallyrepeat treatment based upon serum levels—🌎 NA
  • Cobalamin deficiency in dogs with severe GI disease (protein losing enteropathies, inflammatory bowel disease): May take as long as 3-4 weeks to see a response.
  • Cobalamin deficiency associated with GI disease: Based on body size. Recheck serum cobalamin concentration one month after last dose. If normal, continue at least monthly. If subnormal, continue weekly or bi-weekly.

貓

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Cobalamin deficiency in cats with IBD250-500 micrograms (total dose per cat)SConce per week for 6 weeks, then every 1-2 months—🌎 NA
Adjunctive treatment of idiopathic hepatic lipidosis250 micrograms (total dose)SConce per week6 weeks🌎 NA
Cobalamin deficiency associated with GI disease150-250 micrograms (total dose)SConce weekly for 6 weeks, then every 14 days for 6 weeks, then one dose 30 days laterInitial 16-week protocol🌎 NA
Cobalamin deficiency associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency100-250 micrograms (total dose)SConce weekly—🌎 NA
  • Adjunctive treatment of idiopathic hepatic lipidosis: Recheck serum B12 level in one to two weeks after cessation of treatment as some cats may need repeated administration.
  • Cobalamin deficiency associated with GI disease: Based on body size. Recheck serum cobalamin concentration one month after last dose.
  • Cobalamin deficiency associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: Periodically assess cobalamin and folate levels.

馬

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Vitamin B12 deficiency1-2 mL of a 1000 micrograms/mL injection (1000-2000 micrograms per horse)IM or SConce or twice weekly—🌎 NA
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency: Dosage may be repeated as indicated by condition or response.

牛

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with cobalt deficiency0.2-0.4 mL of a 5000 micrograms/mL injection (1000-2000 micrograms)IM or SCweekly intervals if necessary—🌎 NA

豬

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Vitamin B12 deficiency0.1-0.4 mL of a 5000 micro-grams/mL injection (500-2000 micrograms)IM or SCweekly intervals if necessary—🌎 NA

羊

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with cobalt deficiency (Lambs)100 micrograms (total dose)injectiononce weekly—🌎 NA
Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with cobalt deficiency (Adult sheep)300 micrograms (total dose)injectiononce weekly—🌎 NA
Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency associated with cobalt deficiency0.2-0.4 mL of a 5000 micrograms/mL injection (1000-2000 micrograms)IM or SCweekly intervals if necessary—🌎 NA

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

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概覽

氰鈷胺（維生素B12）是一種水溶性維生素，對維持正常細胞功能至關重要。

  • ​主要用途​：注射治療維生素B12缺乏症。
  • ​常見缺乏原因​：胰臟外分泌不足（EPI）、炎症性腸病（IBD）及其他吸收不良性胃腸道疾病。
  • ​物種特異性​：
    • ​犬貓​：常因胃腸/胰臟疾病導致缺乏；巨型雪納瑞等品種可能有遺傳性吸收缺陷（Imerslund-Gräsbeck症候群）。
    • ​反芻動物​：缺乏通常繼發於飲食中​鈷​的缺乏，因為瘤胃微生物需要鈷來合成B12。

​臨床重點​：與人類不同，犬貓缺乏TC1結合蛋白，因此在吸收不良時，其B12儲存量會在1-2個月內迅速耗盡，而人類則需要1-2年。

作用機轉

Vitamin B12 acts as a crucial coenzyme for two major enzymatic pathways:

  1. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase: Converts methylmalonyl-CoA → succinyl-CoA. (Deficiency leads to methylmalonic acidemia/aciduria).
  2. Methionine synthase: Catalyzes the remethylation of homocysteine → methionine, which is intimately linked with folate metabolism.
  • Required for normal cell growth, nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and erythropoiesis.
  • Note: B12 deficiency can cause a functional folate deficiency. Unlike humans, macrocytic anemias do not appear to be a significant component of cobalamin deficiency in dogs or cats.

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • Hypersensitivity to cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin
  • Known hypersensitivity to cobalt or cobalamin

不良反應

  • Pain at injection site (uncommon)
  • Anaphylaxis (rarely reported in humans)
  • Pain or stinging at the injection site
  • Mild allergic reactions (rare)

注意事項

Safe to use during pregnancy and nursing. Serum samples to be analyzed for cobalamin and/or folate should be protected from bright light and excessive heat.

藥物交互作用

Antibiotics

Concurrent use can cause falsely low serum or red blood cell cobalamin values if a microbiologic method assay is used.

OmeprazoleMinor

May decrease oral absorption of Vitamin B12 by altering gastric pH

監測

  • Serum cobalamin levels
  • Serum folate status (both before and after treatment)
  • Clinical signs associated with deficiency (weight loss, poor haircoat, vomiting, diarrhea)
  • CBC (baseline and ongoing if abnormal)
  • Serum cobalamin (Vitamin B12) levels
  • Serum folate levels
  • Clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease (weight gain, fecal consistency)

藥物動力學

半衰期

貓Approximately 13 days (normal cats); 5 days (cats with IBD)狗Variable (depends on tissue stores)

吸收

Cobalamin in food binds to haptocorrin in the stomach → degraded by pancreatic proteases in the duodenum → binds to Intrinsic Factor (IF) (produced in stomach/pancreas in dogs, pancreas only in cats) → absorbed in the small intestine via cubulin → enters portal circulation.

分佈

Binds to transcobalamin 2 (TCII) for entry into target cells. Dogs and cats lack cobalamin-binding protein TC1, leading to rapid depletion of stores (1-2 months) compared to humans (1-2 years).

代謝

Undergoes entero-hepatic recirculation.

排除

Rapidly excreted into the bile.

過量

Cyanocobalamin is very safe. An inadvertent overdose given via SC or IM injection is unlikely to cause significant morbidity.

可用產品

劑型

  • Injection
  • Oral tablets (human-labeled, not recommended for small animal deficiency states)
  • Injectable: 0.25 mg/ml solution
  • Injectable: 1 mg/ml solution
  • Oral: 0.5 mg capsule

獸醫用

  • Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) Injection 1000 micrograms/mL
  • Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) Injection 3000 micrograms/mL
  • Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) Injection 5000 micrograms/mL
  • Anivit B12 250
  • Anivit B12 1000
  • Cobalaplex
  • Cyanocobalamin PXN-B12
  • Vitbee 250
  • Vitbee 1000

人用標示

  • Cyanocobalamin Injection 100 micrograms/mL
  • Cyanocobalamin Injection 1000 micrograms/mL
  • Oral tablets (not recommended for small animal deficiency states)
  • Neo-Cytamen (hydroxocobalamin)

各地核准狀態

European Union✓ 已核准處方藥EMA
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats
United Kingdom✓ 已核准處方藥 · POM-VPSVMD
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

Classified as POM-VPS in the UK.

暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

儲存與穩定性

Store below 40°C; protect from light and freezing. Cyanocobalamin injection is reportedly compatible with all commonly used intravenous fluids.

飼主須知

  • ​需要耐心​：開始B12治療後，可能需要幾週的時間才能看到寵物狀況（如體重增加、糞便成型）的改善。
  • ​長期承諾​：根據潛在疾病（如慢性胃腸問題或EPI），您的寵物可能需要​終身​補充維生素B12。
  • ​居家施打​：由於藥物是皮下注射，獸醫師可以教您如何在家中安全地進行注射。

​重要提示​：即使您在家中進行注射，定期的回診和血液檢查對於確保B12濃度維持在適當水平仍然非常重要。

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