二甲基亞碸 (DMSO)
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)
Sulphinylbismethane
別名: Domoso · Kemsol · Rheumabene · Synotic · Rimso-50 · DMSO · dimethyl sulphoxide · dimethylis sulfoxidum · NSC-763 · SQ-9453 · Dimethyl sulfoxide
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute swelling due to trauma | Liberal application should be administered topically to the skin over the affected area 3-4 times daily. Total daily dosage should not exceed 20 grams (or mL of liquid) | topical | q6-8h | Max 14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Calcinosis cutis | Apply topically to a small area of the body initially (if extensive areas are involved) once daily; and as these areas improve, add new treatment areas. | topical | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Persistent cases of hemorrhagic cystitis (secondary to cyclophosphamide tx) | 10 mL of DMSO medical grade 50% solution is diluted with 10 mL of water and instilled into bladder and removed after 20 minutes. | intravesical | once | 20 minutes | 🌎 NA |
| Extravasation of cytotoxic vesicant (e.g., doxorubicin) | Dose not specified in monograph; apply to affected area | topical | Not specified | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Haemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide | Dose not specified in monograph | Intravesical | Not specified | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Canine calcinosis cutis | Dose not specified in monograph | topical | Not specified | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
| Renal amyloidosis | Dose not specified in monograph | PO/IV/SC | Not specified | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
- Calcinosis cutis: Dogs may 'feel bad' if large areas are treated initially, but do not become hypercalcemic.
- Extravasation of cytotoxic vesicant (e.g., doxorubicin): Wear gloves during application.
- Haemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide: Instilled directly into the bladder.
- Canine calcinosis cutis: Anecdotal evidence. Monitor serum calcium due to risk of renal calcification.
- Renal amyloidosis: Efficacy is unproven.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Extravasation of cytotoxic vesicant | Dose not specified in monograph; apply to affected area | topical | Not specified | Not specified | 🌍 EU |
- Extravasation of cytotoxic vesicant: Wear gloves during application.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute swelling due to trauma | Liberal application should be administered topically to the skin over the affected area 2-3 times daily. Total daily dosage should not exceed 100 grams (or mL of liquid) | topical | q8-12h | Max 30 days | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive treatment with surgical colics | 25 mg/kg IV intraoperatively and continued twice daily for the first 24-48 hours post-op. | IV | q12h | 24-48 hours | 🌎 NA |
| Acute rhabdomyolysis | 1 g/kg in a 10% solution of lactated Ringer's or Multisol IV or orally. | IV/PO | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Adjunctive treatment for laminitis | 0.1-1 g/kg IV, 2-3 times daily | IV | q8-12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- Adjunctive treatment with surgical colics: Administer slowly at 10% concentration.
- Acute rhabdomyolysis: May be given in the acute stages once hydration status has been restored.
- Adjunctive treatment for laminitis: Administer slowly at 10% concentration.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
二甲基亞碸 (DMSO) 是一種高度多功能的偶極非質子溶劑，具有獨特的藥理特性。在獸醫學中，它主要被用作自由基清除劑和局部抗發炎藥物。
- 主要核准用途： FDA 核准用於局部塗抹，以減輕犬馬因創傷引起的急性腫脹。
- 仿單標示外用途： 中樞神經系統創傷、腦水腫、短暫性缺血、皮膚潰瘍、燒傷、腸道手術輔助治療、澱粉樣變性，以及限制化療藥物（如小紅莓 doxorubicin）外滲造成的組織損傷。
- 滲透促進劑： DMSO 能輕易穿透完整的皮膚和生物膜，且不會造成不可逆的損傷。它是一種強效的載體，能促進其他藥物（如皮質類固醇、抗生素、止痛藥）及潛在毒性物質的經皮吸收。
- 臨床要點： 由於其極易吸水（吸濕性），若暴露於室內空氣中會自行稀釋。必須使用醫療級 DMSO，以避免將工業雜質帶入全身循環。
作用機轉
DMSO exhibits a diverse array of pharmacological effects through multiple pathways:
- Free Radical Scavenging: DMSO directly traps the free radical hydroxide (OH•), while its primary metabolite, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), traps free radical oxygen. This mechanism underpins its anti-inflammatory, cryopreservative, anti-ischemic, and radioprotective qualities.
- Enzyme Inhibition: Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase → slows the metabolism of alcohol and prevents the conversion of ethylene glycol into its toxic metabolites (making it a potential, though less common, antidote for antifreeze toxicity).
- Prostaglandin Modulation: Enhances Prostaglandin E (PGE) but blocks the synthesis of PGE2, PGF2-alpha, PGH2, and PGG2, contributing to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.
- Vascular Effects: Provokes histamine release from mast cells → local vasodilation. It also decreases platelet aggregation.
- Neuromuscular: Exhibits weak anticholinesterase activity.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Mastocytomas (due to mast cell degranulation)
- Dehydration or shock (diuretic and vasodilatory effects may exacerbate)
- Pregnancy (teratogenic at high doses in some species; use with extreme caution)
不良反應
- Local 'burning', erythema, vesiculation, and dry skin (topical)
- Garlic or oyster-like breath odor
- Lenticular changes (myopia) with chronic high doses
- Hemolysis and hemoglobinuria (IV in horses, especially at >10% concentration or rapid administration)
- Diarrhea, muscle tremors, and colic (IV in horses)
- Rare hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity
注意事項
Handling Warning: Always wear rubber gloves when applying topically. Apply with clean or sterile cotton to clean, dry skin to prevent carrying harmful impurities or environmental toxins into the systemic circulation.
- Masking Pathology: Potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity may mask existing pathology.
- IV Administration: In horses, administer IV slowly and at concentrations of 10% (maximum 20%) to minimize hemolysis and hemoglobinuria.
- Odor: Owners should be warned about the strong garlic/oyster breath odor that develops shortly after administration, regardless of route.
藥物交互作用
Avoid concurrent use due to DMSO's anticholinesterase activity.
Can cause fatal mercury intoxication if mixed and applied topically.
DMSO inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and may prolong the effects of alcohol.
May be potentiated by DMSO.
May be potentiated by DMSO.
May be potentiated by DMSO.
Profound enhancement of systemic absorption of the co-administered substance, potentially leading to systemic toxicity.
DMSO may decrease the activity and efficacy of dexrazoxane; concurrent use should be discouraged.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (reduction in swelling/inflammation)
- Hemoglobinuria and hematocrit (especially in horses receiving IV therapy)
- Ophthalmic exams (with high doses or chronic use in dogs to monitor for lenticular changes)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Well absorbed after topical administration, especially at concentrations between 80-100%.
分佈
Extensively and rapidly distributed to virtually every area of the body.
代謝
Metabolized to dimethyl sulfide (DMS).
排除
Primarily excreted by the kidneys, although biliary and respiratory excretion also takes place. Rapidly eliminated in cattle (no detectable drug/metabolites after 20 days).
過量
The reported LD50 following IV dosage is approximately 4 g/kg in cats and 2.5 g/kg in dogs.
Clinical Signs of Toxicity:
- Non-lethal doses: Sedation and hematuria.
- Higher dosages: Coma, seizures, opisthotonus, dyspnea, and pulmonary edema.
Treatment: Should an acute overdosage be encountered, treat supportively.
可用產品
劑型
- Topical Gel (90%)
- Topical Solution (90%)
- Aqueous Solution (50%)
- Otic Solution (60% with fluocinolone)
獸醫用
- Domoso® Gel 90% (60 g, 120 g, 425 g)
- Domoso® Solution 90% (1 pint, 1 gallon)
- Synotic® Otic Solution (DMSO 60% + fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%)
人用標示
- Rimso-50® (50% aqueous solution in 50 mL)
各地核准狀態
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
POM-V (Prescription Only Medicine - Veterinarian)
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Must be stored in airtight containers away from light. Store in glass or in the original manufacturer's plastic container (DMSO reacts with some plastics). If exposed to room air, it will self-dilute to a concentration of 66-67% due to its hygroscopic nature.
飼主須知
寵物主人重要安全指引：
- 僅使用處方醫療級產品： 絕對不要使用工業級或非醫療級的 DMSO（常見於五金行），因為它們可能含有有害雜質，DMSO 會將這些雜質直接帶入寵物的血液中。
- 保護自己： 塗抹此藥物時務必戴上橡膠手套。如果沾到您的皮膚，您會吸收它，並且很快就會在嘴裡嚐到大蒜味！
- 塗抹方式： 只能使用乾淨或無菌的棉花塗抹在乾淨、乾燥的皮膚上。未經獸醫師明確同意，請勿與任何其他藥膏、跳蚤藥或化學物質混合使用，因為 DMSO 會將這些化學物質帶入體內。
- 氣味： 寵物在使用此藥物期間，呼吸中出現強烈的大蒜或牡蠣味是完全正常的。停藥後此現象就會消失。
- 儲存與處理： 請在通風良好的地方使用。避免吸入或接觸眼睛。它可能會損壞某些布料。不使用時請將蓋子轉緊，因為它會吸收空氣中的水分而自我稀釋。請放置於兒童接觸不到的地方。
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