VetSheet

麻黃鹼

Ephedrine

Ephedrine sulfate

擬交感神經支氣管擴張劑 / 升壓劑POIVIMSCIntranasal狗貓

別名: Enurace · Ephedrine sulphate · Ephedrine hydrochloride · Ephedrini hydrochloridum

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

1-2 mg/kg PO q8-12hPO· q8-12h
— 🐕

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Treatment of bronchospasm (maintenance therapy)1-2 mg/kg PO q8-12hPOq8-12h—🌎 NA
Treatment of bronchospasm2 mg/kg PO q8-12hPOq8-12h—🌎 NA
Treatment of urinary incontinence5-15 mg (total dose) PO q8hPOq8h—🌎 NA
Treatment of urinary incontinence1.2 mg/kg PO q8h or 5-15 mg (total dose) PO q8hPOq8h—🌎 NA
Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia0.03-0.1 mg/kg IV bolusIVOnce, may repeat in 5 minutes—🌎 NA
Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia0.1-0.25 mg/kg IV bolusIVOnce—🌎 NA
Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia0.1-0.2 mg/kg IV bolusIVOnce15-60 minutes🌎 NA
Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia0.15-0.25 mg/kg IV boluses OR CRI at 5-10 micrograms/kg/minuteIVTo effect or CRI—🌎 NA
Hypotension during anaesthesiaDose not specified in monographIV/IMAs needed (effects wane after 2-3 doses)Perioperative🌍 EU
Urinary incontinenceDose not specified in monographPONot specifiedLong-term🌍 EU
  • Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia: Dilute 5 mg in 10 mL of saline and give the lower dosage first as sinus tachycardia may accompany the higher dose.
  • Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia: For relatively short procedures in ASA I or II patients when hypotension is not responsive to 1 or 2 crystalloid boluses.
  • Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia: Dilute into 5 mL of a balanced electrolyte solution or saline and give small increment IV boluses until desirable blood pressure achieved.
  • Hypotension during anaesthesia: Assists in bradycardia. Tachyphylaxis occurs rapidly.
  • Urinary incontinence: Exclude polyuria before treatment. Can be used with phenylpropanolamine.

貓

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
Treatment of bronchospasm (emergency treatment)2-5 mg POPOOnce—🌎 NA
Treatment of urinary incontinence2-4 mg (total dose) PO q8hPOq8h—🌎 NA
Treatment of urinary incontinence2-4 mg/kg PO q6-12h or 2-4 mg (total dose) PO q8hPOq6-12h or q8h—🌎 NA
Treatment of urinary incontinence2-4 mg per cat PO q8-12hPOq8-12h—🌎 NA
Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia0.15-0.25 mg/kg IV boluses OR CRI at 5-10 micrograms/kg/minuteIVTo effect or CRI—🌎 NA
Hypotension during anaesthesiaDose not specified in monographIV/IMAs neededPerioperative🌍 EU
Nasal congestion (cat 'flu')Dose not specified in monographtopicalNot specifiedShort-term🌍 EU
  • Treatment of hypotension associated with anesthesia: Dilute into 5 mL of a balanced electrolyte solution or saline and give small increment IV boluses until desirable blood pressure achieved.
  • Hypotension during anaesthesia: Use with caution.
  • Nasal congestion (cat 'flu'): Proposed for treatment of nasal congestion; may be of some benefit.

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

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概覽

麻黃鹼是一種非兒茶酚胺類的擬交感神經胺。在獸醫學中，它主要用於治療犬貓的​尿道括約肌機制不全 (USMI)​，儘管苯丙醇胺 (PPA) 因中樞神經副作用較低而更常被首選。

此外，它也可作為注射型​升壓劑​以對抗麻醉引起的低血壓，並可作為​支氣管擴張劑​用於呼吸道疾病。

​臨床要點：​ 由於麻黃鹼比許多其他擬交感神經藥物更容易穿透血腦屏障，它可能會引起輕度至中度的中樞神經刺激，在某些病患身上表現為焦躁不安或激動。

作用機轉

Ephedrine is a mixed-acting sympathomimetic.

  • ​Indirect Action (Primary):​ It enters the sympathetic nerve terminal and promotes the release of stored norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.
  • ​Direct Action (Secondary):​ It directly stimulates ​α- and β-adrenergic receptors​.

​Key Pathways:​

  • ​α1-receptors​ → Smooth muscle contraction → Increased internal urethral sphincter tone (improving continence) and peripheral vasoconstriction (increasing blood pressure).
  • ​β1-receptors​ → Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart → Increased cardiac output.
  • ​β2-receptors​ → Smooth muscle relaxation → Bronchodilation.

​Note:​ Because it relies heavily on endogenous norepinephrine stores, repeated frequent dosing can deplete these stores, leading to tachyphylaxis (diminished response over time).

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • Severe cardiovascular disease
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Glaucoma

不良反應

  • Irritability
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Anorexia
  • Tachyphylaxis (decreased response to subsequent doses)
  • Panting
  • Mydriasis (dilated pupils)
  • CNS stimulation (restlessness, agitation)
  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Reduction of intestinal wall motility and tone

注意事項

Use with caution in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, or hypertension.

When administered IV, the administration rate should be carefully controlled (in humans, not to exceed 10 mg/minute; scale appropriately for veterinary patients).

​Pregnancy/Nursing:​ FDA Category C. Excreted in milk and may have deleterious effects on nursing animals. Consider milk replacer if use is absolutely necessary in a nursing dam.

藥物交互作用

Acepromazine (and other phenothiazines)

Phenothiazines block alpha-adrenergic receptors; concomitant use can lead to unopposed beta-activity causing vasodilation and increased cardiac rate.

Alpha-blockers (e.g., phentolamine, prazosin)

May negate the therapeutic effects of ephedrine.

General Anesthetics (cyclopropane, halogenated hydrocarbons)

Increased risk of arrhythmias. Propranolol may be administered should these occur.

Beta-blockers

Concomitant use may diminish the effects of both drugs.

DigoxinMajor

Increased risk of arrhythmias if used concurrently.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (including amitraz)

Should not be given within two weeks of receiving MAOIs; severe hypertension and hyperpyrexia are possible.

Other Sympathomimetic Agents (e.g., phenylpropanolamine)

Should not be administered together as increased toxicity may result.

Reserpine

May reverse the pressor effects of ephedrine.

TheophyllineModerate

May increase the risk for theophylline toxicity.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

May decrease the pressor effects of ephedrine.

Urinary Alkalinizers (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, citrates, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)

May reduce urinary excretion of ephedrine and prolong its duration of activity, potentially requiring dosage adjustments.

Other sympathomimeticsModerate

Synergistic effects, increasing the risk of adverse cardiovascular and CNS stimulation.

Volatile anaestheticsMajor

Enhances the sensitivity of the myocardium to the arrhythmogenic effects of ephedrine.

Cardiac glycosides (e.g., digoxin)Major

Concomitant use can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias.

Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline)Major

Concomitant use can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias.

MAO inhibitors (e.g., selegiline)Major

May cause severe hypertension when given concurrently.

AmitriptylineMajor

Concomitant use with tricyclic antidepressants can cause arrhythmias.

SelegilineMajor

Concomitant use with MAO inhibitors may cause severe hypertension.

PhenylpropanolamineModerate

Can be used in conjunction for urinary incontinence, but increases sympathetic load.

監測

  • Clinical effectiveness (resolution of incontinence, improved blood pressure, or bronchodilation)
  • Behavioral changes (restlessness, irritability)
  • Heart rate and rhythm (ECG during anaesthesia)
  • Resolution of urinary incontinence
  • Signs of CNS stimulation or excessive panting

藥物動力學

吸收

Rapidly absorbed after oral or parenteral administration.

分佈

Thought to cross both the blood-brain barrier and the placenta.

代謝

Metabolized in the liver.

排除

Excreted unchanged in the urine. Urine pH may significantly alter excretion characteristics.

過量

Clinical signs of overdosage may consist of an exacerbation of adverse effects (restlessness, tachycardia).

In a very large overdose, severe cardiovascular signs (hypertension leading to rebound hypotension, bradycardias to tachycardias, and cardiovascular collapse) or CNS effects (ranging from severe stimulation to coma) can be seen.

​Treatment:​

  • If the overdose was recent, empty the stomach using usual precautions.
  • Administer activated charcoal and a cathartic.
  • Treat clinical signs supportively as they occur.

可用產品

劑型

  • Capsules
  • 10 mg tablet
  • 15 mg tablet
  • 30 mg tablet
  • 50 mg tablet
  • 3 mg/ml solution for injection
  • 30 mg/ml solution for injection
  • 0.5% nasal drops
  • 1% nasal drops

獸醫用

  • Enurace 10 mg, 15 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg tablets

人用標示

  • Ephedrine Sulfate Capsules: 25 mg
  • Ephedrine Sulfate Injection: 50 mg/mL in 1 mL single-dose vials & preservative free in 1 mL single-dose amps
  • Ephedrine hydrochloride 3 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml solutions for injection
  • Ephedrine 0.5%, 1% nasal drops

各地核准狀態

European Union✓ 已核准處方藥EMA
🐕 Dogs

POM-V classification in the UK/EU.

United Kingdom✓ 已核准處方藥VMD
🐕 Dogs

POM-V, POM.

暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

儲存與穩定性

Store ephedrine sulfate products in tight, light-resistant containers at room temperature unless otherwise directed. When used parenterally, ephedrine sulfate is usually administered directly and not diluted.

飼主須知

  • ​按時服藥是關鍵：​ 為了使此藥物對尿失禁有效，必須完全按照獸醫師的指示給藥。漏服將使其失效並可能導致漏尿復發。
  • ​耐心等待：​ 藥物可能需要幾天的時間才能發揮最大療效。
  • ​副作用：​ 因為這種藥物的作用類似興奮劑，可能會讓您的寵物感到「焦躁」。如果您的寵物表現出持續的行為改變（焦躁不安、易怒、來回踱步），或者尿失禁持續或加重，請聯繫您的獸醫師。
  • ​給藥時間：​ 為了防止干擾睡眠，除非另有指示，請盡量不要在睡前給予當天的最後一劑。
  • ​食慾：​ 您可能會注意到寵物的食慾暫時下降。

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