甘油
Glycerin
Glycerol (Trihydric alcohol)
別名: Osmoglyn · E422 · glicerol · glycerine · glycerolum
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute glaucoma | 1-2 g/kg PO as a 50% oral solution | PO | single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
| Acute glaucoma | 1-2 mL/kg (of a 90% solution) PO | PO | single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
| Acute glaucoma (emergency reduction of IOP) | 1.1-2.2 mL/kg (0.5-1 mL/lb) of 90% syrup | PO | single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
- Acute glaucoma: Withhold water for 3-4 hours after administration.
- Acute glaucoma (emergency reduction of IOP): Mix with an equal volume of ice cream or milk to help reduce vomiting.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute glaucoma | 1-2 g/kg PO as a 50% oral solution | PO | single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
| Acute glaucoma | 1-2 mL/kg (of a 90% solution) PO | PO | single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
| Acute glaucoma (emergency reduction of IOP) | 1.1-2.2 mL/kg (0.5-1 mL/lb) of 90% syrup | PO | single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
- Acute glaucoma: Withhold water for 3-4 hours after administration.
- Acute glaucoma (emergency reduction of IOP): Mix with an equal volume of ice cream or milk to help reduce vomiting.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
甘油（Glycerin，又稱 glycerol）是一種強效的口服高滲透壓劑。在獸醫學中，主要用於急診情況下，為患有急性青光眼的病患快速且短期地降低眼內壓 (IOP)，偶爾也用於降低腦脊髓液 (CSF) 壓力。
- 主要優勢：與需要靜脈注射的甘露醇 (mannitol) 不同，甘油可以口服給藥，在眼科急診的臨床使用上非常方便。
- 臨床要點：由於甘油在肝臟中會代謝為碳水化合物（葡萄糖），會增加熱量負荷並可能顯著升高血糖，因此通常禁忌或極度謹慎用於糖尿病患畜。
作用機轉
Glycerin exerts its effects purely through physical osmotic forces rather than specific receptor interactions.
- Osmotic Gradient: When administered orally, it rapidly increases the osmolality of the blood plasma.
- Fluid Shift: This hyperosmolar state draws water from extravascular spaces (including the aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye, and cerebrospinal fluid) into the intravascular space → Decreased IOP and Decreased CSF pressure.
- Metabolism: Once in the liver, glycerin is metabolized via the enzyme glycerol kinase → glycerol-3-phosphate → enters glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Known hypersensitivity to glycerin
- Well-established anuria
- Severe dehydration
- Severe cardiac decompensation
- Frank or impending acute pulmonary edema
- Diabetes mellitus (relative/absolute depending on source)
- Chronic renal failure or compromised renal function
不良反應
- Vomiting (most common)
- Headache (reported in humans)
- Nausea
- Thirst
- Diarrhea
注意事項
Use with caution in animals when the blood:ocular barrier is not intact (e.g., hyphema, uveitis), and in those with hypovolemia, cardiac disease, or diabetes. Acute urinary retention should be avoided during the preoperative period. Safety in pregnant animals is unknown (FDA Category C in humans); use only when potential benefits outweigh the risks. Lactation safety is unknown.
藥物交互作用
Concomitant administration may prolong the IOP-reducing effects of glycerin.
Concomitant administration may prolong the IOP-reducing effects of glycerin.
監測
- Intraocular pressure (IOP)
- Urine output
- Hydration status
藥物動力學
吸收
Rapidly absorbed from the GI tract. Decreases in IOP can be seen within 30 minutes; peak serum levels generally occur within 90 minutes. Maximum decreases in IOP usually occur within an hour of dosing and persist for up to 10 hours.
分佈
Distributed throughout the blood.
代謝
Primarily metabolized by the liver.
排除
About 10% of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine.
過量
Specific veterinary overdose information is limited. However, cardiac arrhythmias, non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma, and severe dehydration have been reported with the drug. Treatment should be supportive and symptomatic, focusing on restoring fluid and electrolyte balance.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral liquid (50%)
- Oral syrup (90%)
人用標示
- Glycerin Oral Liquid: 50% (0.6 g glycerin/mL) in 220 mL; Osmoglyn® (Alcon)
- USP glycerin 90% (can be used for oral use in small animals)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Glycerin oral solution should be stored in tight containers at room temperature; protect from freezing.
飼主須知
重要提示：此藥物通常在眼科急診（如急性青光眼）時於診所內給予，以迅速挽救寵物的視力。
- 限制飲水：獸醫師可能會指示您在給藥後 3-4 小時內暫停餵水。原因：喝水會抵消藥物將多餘水分從眼內排出的效果。
- 噁心/嘔吐：甘油是一種非常甜且濃稠的糖漿，容易引起腸胃不適。將其與少量牛奶或冰淇淋混合可以幫助減少嘔吐的發生。
- 監測：帶寵物回家後，請觀察是否有脫水或過度排尿的跡象。
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