VetSheet

氟烷

Halothane

2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

吸入性全身麻醉藥InhalationInhalational狗貓小型哺乳類鳥馬

別名: Fluothane · Ineltano · phthorothanum · Halothanum

由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本

3% (induction); 0.5-1.5% (maintenance)Inhalation· Continuous· As needed for procedure

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

各物種劑量

🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe

狗

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
General Anesthesia3% (induction); 0.5-1.5% (maintenance)InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
General Anesthesia0.5-3.5%, inhaledInhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated)3-4% concentrationInhalationalContinuousUntil induced🌍 EU
Maintenance of anaesthesia0.8-1.0% (MAC)InhalationalContinuousDuration of procedure🌍 EU
  • General Anesthesia: Concentrations are dependent upon fresh gas flow rate.
  • Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated): Delivered via calibrated vaporizer
  • Maintenance of anaesthesia: Adjust according to individual requirement and concurrent drugs

貓

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
General Anesthesia3% (induction); 0.5-1.5% (maintenance)InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
General Anesthesia0.5-3.5%, inhaledInhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated)3-4% concentrationInhalationalContinuousUntil induced🌍 EU
Maintenance of anaesthesia0.8-1.0% (MAC)InhalationalContinuousDuration of procedure🌍 EU
  • General Anesthesia: Concentrations are dependent upon fresh gas flow rate.
  • Induction of anaesthesia (unpremedicated): Delivered via calibrated vaporizer
  • Maintenance of anaesthesia: Adjust according to individual requirement and concurrent drugs

小型哺乳類

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
General Anesthesia (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas)Induction: 2%-4%, maintenance: 0.25%-2%InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
  • General Anesthesia (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas): Using a non-rebreathing system.

鳥

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
General Anesthesia2% (small birds) or 2.5%-3% (large birds) for induction; 0.5%-1.5% for maintenanceInhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
  • General Anesthesia: Induction usually occurs in 2-4 minutes. Recovery takes 3-5 minutes. Bradycardia, hypotension, and hypothermia may occur but rapidly resolve upon discontinuation.

馬

適應症劑量途徑頻次療程地區
General Anesthesia (Draft Horses)4%-5% initially, maintenance 2.5%-3%InhalationContinuousAs needed for procedure🌎 NA
  • General Anesthesia (Draft Horses): Administered in an oxygen-enriched semi-closed large animal circle system. Reduce as indicated by physical monitoring.

劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。

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概覽

氟烷是一種經典的​鹵素類吸入性全身麻醉藥​，過去因其效力強、易於控制且不可燃，在獸醫學中曾是主要的麻醉劑。

雖然它為現代獸醫麻醉奠定了基礎，但目前在許多國家​已基本被淘汰且無商業供應​。它已被安全性更高（特別是在心血管抑制和肝毒性方面）的新型藥物（如​異氟醚 (isoflurane)​、​七氟醚 (sevoflurane)​ 和 ​地氟醚 (desflurane)​）所廣泛取代。

​臨床要點：​

  • 與現代吸入性麻醉劑相比，氟烷具有較高的血氣分配係數，導致誘導和甦醒時間較慢。
  • 它會使心肌對兒茶酚胺敏感，顯著增加心室心律不整的風險。
  • 約有12%的藥物經由肝臟代謝（異氟醚則小於1%），這增加了其引發免疫介導性肝毒性（氟烷性肝炎）的潛在風險。

作用機轉

The exact mechanism of inhalant anesthetics remains incompletely understood, but involves multiple central nervous system targets:

  • ​Lipid Matrix Interaction:​ Historically explained by the Meyer-Overton rule, halothane interacts with the lipid bilayer of neuronal membranes, disrupting normal ion channel function.
  • ​Receptor Modulation:​ Modern evidence suggests halothane acts via positive allosteric modulation of inhibitory receptors (such as GABA_A and glycine receptors) → enhancing CNS depression.
  • ​Excitatory Inhibition:​ It simultaneously inhibits excitatory receptors (such as NMDA and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) → dampening neuronal excitability.

​Systemic Effects:​

  • Profound CNS depression and blunting of thermoregulatory centers.
  • Increased cerebral blood flow.
  • Dose-dependent respiratory depression (especially pronounced in ruminants).
  • Significant myocardial depression, vasodilation, and hypotension.

安全性與警告

禁忌症

  • History or predilection towards malignant hyperthermia
  • Significant hepatotoxicity or unexplained fever/jaundice after previous halothane exposure
  • Liver disease
  • Patients with a history of malignant hyperthermia

不良反應

  • Dose-related hypotension
  • Cardiac depression and decreased cardiac output
  • Cardiac dysrhythmias (sensitizes myocardium to catecholamines)
  • Malignant hyperthermia-stress syndrome (reported in pigs, horses, dogs, cats)
  • Hepatotoxicity (jaundice, fatal liver necrosis)
  • Respiratory depression
  • Hypothermia
  • Dose-dependent hypotension
  • Bradycardia
  • Decreased myocardial contractility
  • Reduced hepatic blood flow
  • Ventricular arrhythmias
  • Neonatal depression (crosses placental barrier)

注意事項

​Hepatotoxicity Warning:​ Halothane can cause severe, sometimes fatal, liver necrosis. Do not re-expose patients who have previously shown unexplained fever or jaundice following halothane anesthesia.

  • ​Cardiovascular/Neurologic:​ Use with extreme caution in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, hepatic impairment, increased intracranial pressure (CSF) or head injury, myasthenia gravis, or pheochromocytoma.
  • ​Pregnancy:​ Categorized as Class C. May be teratogenic; use only when benefits clearly outweigh potential risks.
  • ​Equipment:​ Halothane vapor can react with aluminum, brass, and lead in the presence of moisture. It also causes rapid deterioration of rubber and some plastics.

藥物交互作用

Acetaminophen

Not recommended for post-operative analgesia in patients that have received halothane anesthesia due to increased risk of hepatotoxicity.

Acepromazine

Can decrease requirements of halothane by up to 40%.

Aminoglycosides

Use with caution; additive neuromuscular blockade may occur.

Lincosamides

Use with caution; additive neuromuscular blockade may occur.

Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

Additive neuromuscular blockade may occur.

Succinylcholine

May induce increased incidences of cardiac effects (bradycardia, arrhythmias, sinus arrest, apnea) and malignant hyperthermia in susceptible patients.

Sympathomimetics (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, ephedrine, metaraminol)

Halothane sensitizes the myocardium to catecholamines; severe ventricular arrhythmias may result. Use with extreme caution at reduced doses.

d-Tubocurarine

May cause significant hypotension if used with halothane.

SedativesModerate

Reduces the concentration of halothane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia

Opioid agonistsModerate

Reduces the concentration of halothane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia

Nitrous oxide (N2O)Moderate

Reduces the concentration of halothane required to achieve surgical anaesthesia

CatecholaminesMajor

Facilitates the generation of ventricular arrhythmias

監測

  • Respiratory and ventilatory status
  • Cardiac rate and rhythm (ECG is highly recommended due to arrhythmogenic potential)
  • Blood pressure (especially in 'at risk' patients)
  • Level of anesthetic depth
  • Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia or malignant hyperthermia)
  • Heart rate and rhythm (ECG)
  • Respiratory rate and depth
  • Capnography (ETCO2)
  • Anaesthetic depth (jaw tone, palpebral reflex)

藥物動力學

吸收

Rapidly absorbed through the lungs into the systemic circulation.

分佈

Highly lipid soluble; distributes widely into tissues including the CNS. Distributed into milk.

代謝

Approximately 12% of the absorbed drug is metabolized by the liver to trifluoroacetic acid, chlorine, and bromine radicals.

排除

The bulk of the absorbed drug is re-excreted by the lungs and eliminated with expired air. Hepatic metabolites are excreted in the urine.

過量

Overdosage of halothane results in profound cardiopulmonary depression, characterized by severe hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmias, and apnea.

​Treatment:​

  1. Immediately turn off the anesthetic vaporizer.
  2. Flush the breathing circuit with 100% oxygen.
  3. Institute positive pressure ventilation.
  4. Provide cardiovascular support (e.g., IV fluid volume expansion, positive inotropes like dobutamine, and anticholinergics for bradycardia).
  5. Lidocaine may be required to treat halothane-induced ventricular dysrhythmias.

可用產品

劑型

  • Inhalation liquid (vaporized for administration)
  • Inhalational liquid: 250 ml bottle

獸醫用

  • Fluothane 250 ml bottle
  • Halothane POM-V 250 ml bottle

各地核准狀態

European Union✓ 已核准處方藥EMA
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

POM-V classification.

United Kingdom✓ 已核准處方藥VMD
🐕 Dogs🐈 Cats

POM-V classification.

暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU

儲存與穩定性

Store below 40°C in a tight, light-resistant container. Halothane stability is maintained by the addition of thymol and ammonia. Thymol does not vaporize and may accumulate in the vaporizer, causing a yellow discoloration (do not use discolored solutions). In the presence of moisture, halothane vapor reacts with aluminum, brass, and lead. It also causes rapid deterioration of rubber and some plastics.

飼主須知

氟烷是一種​吸入性麻醉氣體​，用於在手術期間讓動物保持無意識和無痛狀態。

  • ​現代應用：​ 雖然過去非常普遍，但現今的獸醫院大多使用更新、更安全的麻醉氣體。如果使用了氟烷，代表您的獸醫師評估這對您寵物的特定情況是合適的。
  • ​風險：​ 與所有全身麻醉一樣，它帶有血壓下降、心律改變和體溫降低等風險。您的獸醫團隊會在整個手術過程中密切監測寵物的生命徵象。
  • ​麻醉後護理：​ 您的寵物回家後的一兩天內可能會感到昏昏欲睡。在牠們恢復期間，請將其安置在溫暖、安靜且安全的環境中。
  • ​注意事項：​ 如果您的寵物過去曾對麻醉有不良反應，特別是出現過不明原因的發燒或肝臟問題，請務必告知您的獸醫師。

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