米諾環素
Minocycline
Minocycline Hydrochloride
別名: Minocin · Dynacin · Solodyn · Myrac · Arestin · Aknemin · minocyclini hydrochloridum · Asolmicina · Cyclimycin · Cyclomin · Dermirex · Meibi · Minogal · Minox · Minocyclinum
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
經審核的 v13 劑量證據
結構化劑量計算證據Lyme borreliosis (extra-label)
須由已驗證獸醫確認
- q12-24h
NA
必須一併考量的臨床脈絡 (6)
- NOTE: No clinical studies using IV minocycline were located.
- Considering minocycline’s bioavailability, use of IV dosages at the lower end of the oral range appears to be reasonable. Doses administered IV should be given over at least 10 minutes. 33,34 Immediate-release formulations are used for oral dosages.
- Considering minocycline’s bioavailability, use of IV dosages at the lower end of the oral range appears to be reasonable. Doses administered IV should be given over at least 10 minutes. 33,34 Immediate-release formulations are used for oral dosages.
- Store oral preparations at room temperature in tight containers. Do not freeze oral suspensions. The injectable should be stored at room temperature ( 20°C-25°C [68°F-77°F]) and protected from light, moisture, and excessive heat. After reconstitution with sterile water for injection, solutions with a concentration of 20 mg/mL are stable for 4 hours at room temperature or for 24 hours if refrigerated.
- ■ Oral minocycline works best when given without food. If your animal vomits or acts sick after receiving the medicine on an empty stomach, try giving the next dose with a small amount of food or a treat.
- ■ Do not give antacids, including sucralfate, oral iron, and antidiarrheal medicine, within 2 hours before or after giving minocycline.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
米諾環素是一種高脂溶性的第二代四環黴素類抗生素。它以優異的組織穿透力著稱，能穿透血腦屏障並進入前列腺。
- 臨床用途： 布氏桿菌症、萊姆病、血液黴漿菌症、非典型分枝桿菌感染及具抗藥性的院內感染。
- 優點： 與早期水溶性較高的四環黴素相比，較不易引起骨骼和牙齒異常。可用於中度腎功能不全的病患，無需調整劑量。
- 其他特性： 除了抗菌效果外，米諾環素還具有抗發炎和神經保護特性（例如抑制基質金屬蛋白酶），因此被研究作為血管肉瘤等疾病的輔助療法，儘管早期結果不如預期。
作用機轉
Minocycline is a bacteriostatic antibiotic that exhibits time-dependent (AUC/MIC) inhibition of bacterial growth.
- Primary Mechanism: Reversibly binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible organisms → blocks the binding of aminoacyl transfer-RNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex → inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
- Secondary Mechanism: Reversibly binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit → alters cytoplasmic membrane permeability, leading to leakage of intracellular components.
- Mammalian Effects: At very high concentrations, it can inhibit mammalian protein synthesis. It also inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and apoptosis, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hypersensitivity to tetracyclines
- Pregnant or nursing animals
- Animals less than 6 months old (relative contraindication)
- Pregnancy
- Young, developing animals
不良反應
- Nausea and vomiting (most common)
- Dental or bone staining (if exposed in utero or early life)
- Increases in hepatic enzymes (rare)
- Ototoxicity (rare)
- Urticaria, shivering, hypotension, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmias, and shock (if given rapidly IV)
- Superinfections (overgrowth of non-susceptible bacteria or fungi)
- Photosensitivity (reported in humans)
- Hepatotoxicity or blood dyscrasias (rare, reported in humans)
- CNS effects like dizziness/lightheadedness (reported in humans)
- Blue-gray pigmentation of skin and mucous membranes (reported in humans)
- Diarrhoea
- Bone and teeth abnormalities (in developing animals)
- Oesophageal erosions (especially in cats if dry-pilled)
注意事項
Intravenous Administration: Give IV injections slowly. Rapid IV injection in dogs has caused urticaria, shivering, hypotension, dyspnea, arrhythmias, and shock.
- Renal Impairment: Can be used in moderate renal insufficiency without dosage adjustment, but oliguric renal failure may require adjustment.
- Pregnancy/Nursing: Avoid use during pregnancy unless benefits outweigh fetal risks (can retard fetal skeletal development and discolor deciduous teeth). Avoid during nursing as it is excreted in milk.
- Laboratory Interference: Can cause false-positive urine glucose results (cupric sulfate method) or false-negative results (glucose oxidase method).
藥物交互作用
Can chelate divalent or trivalent cations, decreasing absorption of the tetracycline. Give at least 12 hours before or after the cation-containing product.
May reduce minocycline absorption.
Decreased tetracycline absorption. Give iron salts 3 hours before or 2 hours after the tetracycline dose.
May increase the risk for nervous system effects when used concurrently.
Bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal activity of these antibiotics (clinical significance is controversial).
Tetracyclines may depress plasma prothrombin activity; anticoagulant dosage adjustment may be needed.
Reduced absorption of minocycline
Reduced absorption of minocycline
Reduced absorption of minocycline
Reduced absorption of minocycline
Reduced absorption of minocycline
Increased metabolism of minocycline, decreasing plasma levels
Increased metabolism of minocycline, decreasing plasma levels
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection)
- Adverse effects (GI upset, signs of hypersensitivity)
- Renal function (if used concurrently with nephrotoxic drugs like gentamicin)
- Gastrointestinal signs
- Hepatic function (in patients with pre-existing liver disease)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Well absorbed after oral administration regardless of the presence of food.
分佈
Highly lipid soluble and distributed widely throughout the body. Therapeutic levels can be found in the CSF (whether meninges are inflamed or not), prostate, saliva, and eye.
代謝
Extensively metabolized in the liver.
排除
Primarily excreted as inactive metabolites in the feces and urine. Less than 20% is excreted unchanged in the urine.
過量
Oral overdoses are most likely associated with GI disturbances (vomiting, anorexia, and/or diarrhea).
- Treatment: Although less vulnerable to chelation than other tetracyclines, oral administration of divalent or trivalent cation antacids may bind some of the drug and reduce GI distress.
- Supportive Care: Should the patient develop severe emesis or diarrhea, monitor fluids and electrolytes and replace if necessary.
可用產品
劑型
- Oral tablets
- Pellet-filled oral capsules
- Oral suspension
- Powder for injection
- Powdered microspheres (dental)
- 50 mg capsules
- 100 mg capsules
- 50 mg tablets
- 100 mg tablets
人用標示
- Minocycline HCl Oral Tablets: 50 mg, 75 mg & 100 mg
- Minocycline HCl Extended-Release Tablets: 45 mg, 65 mg, 90 mg, 115 mg & 135 mg (Dynacin, Myrac, Solodyn)
- Minocycline HCl Oral Capsules: 50 mg, 75 mg & 100 mg (Dynacin)
- Minocycline HCl Pellet-filled Oral Capsules: 50 mg & 100 mg (Minocin)
- Minocycline HCl Oral Suspension: 50 mg/5 mL (Minocin)
- Minocycline HCl Powder for Injection: 100 mg vials (Minocin)
- Minocycline HCl Powdered Microspheres, dental: 1 mg (Arestin)
- Aknemin 50 mg, 100 mg capsules/tablets
- Minocin 50 mg, 100 mg capsules/tablets
各地核准狀態
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
POM (Prescription Only Medicine)
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store oral preparations at room temperature in tight containers. Do not freeze the oral suspension. Store injectable at room temperature and protect from light. After reconstituting with sterile water for injection, 20 mg/mL solutions are stable for 24 hours at room temperature. Do not add calcium-containing IV fluids (like Ringer's) as precipitation could result.
飼主須知
重要提示： 即使您的寵物看起來已經完全康復，也請務必按照獸醫師建議的完整療程給藥。提早停藥可能會導致抗藥性感染。
- 給藥方式： 可與食物一起或空腹給予。如果引起腸胃不適（噁心或嘔吐），與少量食物一起餵食通常有助於緩解這些副作用。
- 乳製品： 與早期的四環黴素不同，牛奶或其他乳製品不會顯著影響米諾環素的吸收。
- 副作用： 請留意嘔吐、腹瀉或食慾不振的情況。如果這些症狀嚴重或持續，請聯繫您的獸醫師。
- 保存方式： 口服藥物請保存在室溫下並保持容器密閉。請勿冷凍口服懸浮液。
VetSheet 藥物參考供合格獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠商最新仿單。