氯化鉀 / 葡萄糖酸鉀
Potassium Chloride / Potassium Gluconate
Potassium chloride (KCl), Potassium gluconate
別名: Tumil-K · Renakare · Potassiject · Cal-Dextro K · K-G Elixir · Kaon · Kaylixir · Potasoral · Sopa-K · Ultra-K · KCl · cloreto de potassio · E508 · kalii chloridum · kalium chloratum · E577
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L) | 0.5-1 mEq/kg mixed in food once or twice daily | PO | q12-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (Tumil-K powder) | 1/4 teaspoonful (2 mEq) per 4.5 kg body weight in food twice daily; adjust as necessary | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia | Rate should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. Under dire circumstances (serum K < 2.0 mEq/L), rate can be increased to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour along with close EKG monitoring. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Subcutaneous fluid supplementation (<10 kg patients) | 150 mL SC every 12 hours of isotonic fluids containing 30-35 mEq/L KCl | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Intravenous replacement | Rate not to exceed 0.5 mEq/hour. Concentration of replacement fluid should exceed 60 mEq/L. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Oral maintenance supplementation | 2-44 mEq/day depending on body size | PO | Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Maintenance IV fluid supplementation | 0.05-0.1 mEq/kg/hour to 0.5 mEq/kg/hour | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+ | Serum K+ <2 mEq/L = 60 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2-2.5 mEq/L = 40 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2.5-3 mEq/L = 30 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 3-3.5 mEq/L = 20 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid. Infusion rates should generally not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L): Can use commercially available oral supplement tablets and elixirs diluted in water.
- Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia: Amounts exceeding >10 mEq/hour to a small animal (<10 kg) can be life-threatening via central line.
- Intravenous replacement: Begin oral supplementation as soon as possible.
- Oral maintenance supplementation: Using potassium gluconate.
- Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+: Higher rates up to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour require continuous ECG monitoring.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (3.0-3.5 mEq/L) | 0.5-1 mEq/kg mixed in food once or twice daily | PO | q12-24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Treatment of chronic mild hypokalemia (Tumil-K powder) | 1/4 teaspoonful (2 mEq) per 4.5 kg body weight in food twice daily; adjust as necessary | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Moderate to severe (<3.0 mEq/L) or acute hypokalemia | Rate should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. Under dire circumstances (serum K < 2.0 mEq/L), rate can be increased to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour along with close EKG monitoring. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Subcutaneous fluid supplementation (<10 kg patients) | 150 mL SC every 12 hours of isotonic fluids containing 30-35 mEq/L KCl | SC | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Oral maintenance supplementation | 2-4 mEq/day | PO | Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sliding scale IV supplementation based on Serum K+ | Serum K+ <2 mEq/L = 60 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2-2.5 mEq/L = 40 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 2.5-3 mEq/L = 30 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid; Serum K+ 3-3.5 mEq/L = 20 mEq/1000 mL IV fluid. Infusion rates should generally not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
- Oral maintenance supplementation: Using potassium gluconate.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counteract potassium depletion in a completely anorectic horse | IV fluids should be supplemented with KCL (at least 50 mEq/hour) | IV | Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Hypokalemia with diarrhea | Hypertonic oral KCL pastes | PO | As needed | — | 🌎 NA |
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypokalemia in 'downer' cows | 80 grams sodium chloride and 20 grams potassium chloride in 10 liters of water via stomach tube. Provide a bucket containing similar solution for cow to drink and another containing fresh water. | PO | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Hypokalemia maintenance/treatment | 50 grams PO daily; 1 mEq/kg/hour IV drip | PO/IV | Daily/Continuous | — | 🌎 NA |
| Severe hypokalemia (<2.3 mEq/L) with severe muscle weakness or recumbency | Isotonic potassium chloride (11.5 grams of potassium chloride per 1 liter of sterile water) at a rate of 4 mL/kg/hour. Combined with large doses of oral potassium salts (i.e., 200 grams of KCl per day). | IV/PO | Continuous/Daily | — | 🌎 NA |
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
鉀是維持生命不可或缺的關鍵細胞內電解質。它在維持細胞靜息膜電位方面扮演著至關重要的角色，特別是在心臟、骨骼肌和平滑肌等興奮性組織中。
臨床要點：
- 低血鉀症（鉀離子過低）是慢性腎病（尤其是貓）、積極利尿治療、糖尿病酮酸血症 (DKA) 以及嚴重胃腸道流失的常見併發症。
- 葡萄糖酸鉀通常是口服補充的首選，因為它對胃腸道的刺激較小，並具有輕微的鹼化作用。
- 氯化鉀 (KCl) 是靜脈補充的標準藥物，但在給藥前必須稀釋，以防止致命的心律不整。
- 即使血清鉀濃度看起來正常，全身鉀的消耗也可能很嚴重，特別是在存在酸鹼不平衡的情況下（酸中毒會使鉀離子轉移至細胞外）。
作用機轉
Potassium is the principal intracellular cation in the body. It works primarily via the Na+/K+ ATPase pump to maintain the electrochemical gradient across cell membranes.
- Maintains cellular tonicity and resting membrane potential → essential for nerve impulse transmission.
- Regulates smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle contraction.
- Acts as a crucial cofactor in carbohydrate utilization and protein synthesis.
- Essential for the maintenance of normal renal function.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hyperkalemia
- Renal failure or severe renal impairment
- Severe hemolytic reactions
- Untreated Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism)
- Acute dehydration
- GI motility impairment (for solid oral dosage forms)
不良反應
- Hyperkalemia (muscle weakness, cardiac conduction disturbances)
- Gastrointestinal distress (vomiting, diarrhea) with oral therapy
- Vein irritation and phlebitis with IV therapy
注意事項
CRITICAL WARNING: Intravenous potassium salts MUST be diluted before administering and given slowly. Rapid IV administration can cause fatal cardiac arrest.
- Maximum standard IV rate: Generally should not exceed 0.5 mEq/kg/hour. In dire circumstances (<2.0 mEq/L), rates up to 1.5 mEq/kg/hour may be used only with continuous ECG monitoring.
- Assess renal and cardiac function prior to therapy.
- Acid-base balance masks the actual potassium picture: acidosis causes a false elevation (shifts K+ out of cells), while alkalosis causes a falsely low serum value.
- Supplementation should generally occur over 3-5 days to allow equilibration between extracellular and intracellular fluids.
- Use cautiously in digitalized patients.
藥物交互作用
Potassium retention may occur; increased risk for hyperkalemia.
In patients with severe or complete heart block receiving digitalis therapy, it is often recommended not to use potassium salts.
Oral potassium given with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects.
Potassium retention may occur; increased risk for hyperkalemia.
監測
- Serum potassium levels
- Other electrolytes (sodium, chloride, magnesium, calcium)
- Acid/base status
- Blood glucose
- ECG (especially during IV administration)
- CBC
- Urinalysis and renal function parameters
藥物動力學
吸收
Readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally.
分佈
Approximately 98% of total body potassium is found in the intracellular fluid space, while only 2% is in the extracellular fluid space. Plasma pH alters distribution: acidosis shifts potassium out of the intracellular space, and alkalosis shifts potassium into the intracellular space.
代謝
Potassium is an elemental ion and is not metabolized.
排除
Primarily (80-90%) excreted via the kidneys, with the majority of the remainder excreted in the feces. Very small amounts may be excreted in perspiration (in animals with sweat glands).
過量
Fatal hyperkalemia may develop if potassium salts are administered too rapidly IV or if potassium renal excretory mechanisms are impaired.
Clinical Signs of Hyperkalemia:
- Muscular weakness
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Severe cardiac conduction disturbances (bradycardia, atrial standstill, ventricular fibrillation, asystole)
Treatment of Hyperkalemia:
- Immediate discontinuation of the potassium supplement.
- Continuous ECG, acid/base, and electrolyte monitoring.
- Medical interventions: Glucose/insulin infusions (drives K+ into cells), sodium bicarbonate (alkalinization drives K+ into cells), calcium therapy (cardioprotective, antagonizes K+ effects on the heart), and polystyrene sulfonate resin (binds K+ in the GI tract).
可用產品
劑型
- Intravenous injection concentrate
- Oral tablets
- Oral powder
- Oral gel
- Oral liquid/elixir
獸醫用
- Potassium Chloride IV Solution: 2 mEq (149 mg) in 10 mL vials (Potassiject)
- Potassium Gluconate Tablets: 2 mEq (468 mg) (Tumil-K, Renakare)
- Potassium Gluconate Oral Powder: 2 mEq per 0.65 gram (1/4 tsp) (Tumil-K, Renakare)
- Potassium Gluconate Gel: 2 mEq per 2.34 grams (1/2 tsp) (Tumil-K Gel, Renakare)
人用標示
- Potassium Chloride for Injection Concentrate: 2 mEq/mL in various vial sizes (Must be diluted)
- Potassium Chloride Tablets, controlled/sustained release tablets and capsules
- Potassium Chloride effervescent tablets, liquids, and powders
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Potassium gluconate oral products and potassium chloride products should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers at room temperature (15-30°C). Protect potassium chloride solutions from freezing.
飼主須知
重要提示： 未經獸醫明確同意，切勿將人類的鉀補充劑給予您的寵物，因為劑量非常特定，過量可能致命。
- 給藥方式： 將口服粉末、凝膠或液體徹底拌入寵物的食物中，以防止胃部不適並提高適口性。
- 拒絕進食： 如果您的寵物拒絕吃拌有藥物的食物，請聯繫您的獸醫。請勿強迫餵食或在下次給藥時將劑量加倍。
- 監測： 觀察是否有肌肉無力、嚴重嗜睡、嘔吐或腹瀉的跡象。如果出現這些情況，請立即聯繫您的獸醫。
- 請將所有鉀補充劑放在兒童和其他寵物接觸不到的地方。
VetSheet 藥物參考供合格獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠商最新仿單。