奎納克林
**奎納克林 (Quinacrine)** 是一種合成的吖啶衍生物，主要用作抗原蟲藥和驅蟲藥。 歷史上，它被用於治療**梨形鞭毛蟲 (Giardia)**、**利什曼原蟲 (Leishmania)** 和**球蟲 (coccidia)** 感染。然而，在現代獸醫學中，它已在很大程度上被更安全、更有效的替代藥物（如用於治療梨形鞭毛蟲的甲硝唑或芬苯達唑）所取代。 **臨床要點：** * 可能改善梨形鞭毛蟲感染的臨床症狀，但通常無法完全消除病原體。 * 可能導致皮膚和尿液出現無害的黃色變色，不應與黃疸混淆。 * 目前在市場上很難取得，通常需要透過調劑藥局配製。 * 被認為具有潛在的致畸性，除非絕對必要，否則應避免在懷孕動物中使用。
作用機制: The exact antiprotozoal mechanism against *Giardia* is not fully elucidated, but it involves multiple pathways: * **DNA Intercalation**: Binds to DNA by inserting itself between adjacent base pairs → inhibits **RNA transcription** and **translocation**. * **Metabolic Inhibition**: Interferes with electron transport and inhibits **succinate oxidation**. * **Enzyme Inhibition**: Inhibits **cholinesterase**. * In humans, it binds to nucleoproteins to suppress lupus erythematosus (LE) cell factor.
各物種劑量
- Giardia · 9 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 6 days
- Coccidiosis · 10 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 5 days
- Giardia · 11 mg/kg PO q24h · PO · q24h · 12 days
- Coccidiosis · 10 mg/kg PO once daily · PO · q24h · 5 days
- Giardia or other susceptible protozoa (second-choice) · 6.6 mg/kg PO q12h · PO · q12h · 5 days
- Giardia or other susceptible protozoa (second-choice) · 9 mg/kg PO q24h · PO · q24h · 6 days
- Hemoprotozoal infections · 19-100 mg/kg PO q48h (every other day) · PO · q48h · 2-3 weeks
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新藥品仿單及個別病患確認。
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Hepatic dysfunction (relative)
- Pregnancy (relative, potential teratogen)
- Psychotic disorders (in humans)
- Psoriasis (in humans)
- Porphyria (in humans)
不良反應
- Yellowing of skin and urine (benign)
- Anorexia
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abnormal behaviors ('fly biting', agitation)
- Lethargy
- Pruritus
- Fever
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rare)
- Hepatopathy (rare)
- Aplastic anemia (rare)
- Corneal edema (rare)
- Retinopathy (rare)
藥物相互作用
- Alcohol · May cause a 'disulfiram-like' reaction if used concurrently.
- Hepatotoxic Drugs · Quinacrine concentrates in the liver; use with caution with other hepatotoxic agents.
- Primaquine · Quinacrine increases the toxicity of primaquine; do not use simultaneously.
監測
- Efficacy (fecal exams, reduction in diarrhea)
- Adverse effects (GI upset, behavioral changes)
過量
**Acute Toxicity:** Overdosage can be severe and potentially fatal. * **Clinical Signs**: CNS excitation (including seizures), severe GI disturbances, vascular collapse, and cardiac arrhythmias. * **Treatment**: * Gut emptying protocols (emesis/lavage, activated charcoal). * Supportive and symptomatic therapies. * Urinary acidification (e.g., with ammonium chloride) and forced diuresis with adequate fluid therapy to enhance renal excretion.
VetSheet 藥物參考供持牌獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用,不能取代專業判斷或廠方最新藥品說明書。