大觀黴素
Spectinomycin
Spectinomycin hydrochloride / Spectinomycin sulfate
別名: Adspec · Spectam Scour-Halt · Spectoguard Scour-Chek · LS 50 · LincoSpectin · M-141 · actinospectacin · spectinomycini · U-18409AE · Kempi · Kirin · Stanilo · Togamycin · Trobicine · Vabicin
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For susceptible infections | 5.5-11 mg/kg | IM | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For susceptible infections | 5-10 mg/kg | IM | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For acute infectious gastroenteritis | 5-12 mg/kg | IM | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
- For susceptible infections: Alternatively 22 mg/kg PO q12h (for enteric infections; not absorbed)
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For acute infectious gastroenteritis | 5-12 mg/kg | IM | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
鳥
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For airsacculitis associated with M. meleagridis or chronic respiratory disease associated with E. coli in turkey poults (1-3 days old) | 0.1 mL (10 mg) | SC | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| For control and to lessen mortality due to infections from M. synoviae, S. typhimurium, S. infantis, and E. coli in newly hatched chicks | 2.55 mg/0.2 mL | SC | once | — | 🌎 NA |
| For prevention and control of chronic respiratory disease associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broilers | 2 grams/gallon | PO | continuous in drinking water | — | 🌎 NA |
| For infectious synovitis associated with Mycoplasma synoviae in broilers | 1 gram/gallon | PO | continuous in drinking water | — | 🌎 NA |
| For improved weight gain/feed efficiency in floor-raised broilers | 0.5 grams/gallon | PO | continuous in drinking water | — | 🌎 NA |
- For airsacculitis associated with M. meleagridis or chronic respiratory disease associated with E. coli in turkey poults (1-3 days old): Inject in the base of the neck.
- For control and to lessen mortality due to infections from M. synoviae, S. typhimurium, S. infantis, and E. coli in newly hatched chicks: Dilute injection with normal saline to a concentration of 2.55 mg/0.2 mL and inject SC.
- For prevention and control of chronic respiratory disease associated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broilers: Add sufficient amount to drinking water to attain final concentration.
- For infectious synovitis associated with Mycoplasma synoviae in broilers: Add sufficient amount to drinking water to attain final concentration.
- For improved weight gain/feed efficiency in floor-raised broilers: Add sufficient amount to drinking water to attain final concentration.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For susceptible infections | 20 mg/kg | IM | three times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| For pneumonia | 20 mg/kg | IM | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
- For pneumonia: May cause local myositis. Insufficient data to comment on use.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pneumonia | 33 mg/kg | SC | q8h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For susceptible infections | 22-39.6 mg/kg/day | IM | divided three times daily | — | 🌎 NA |
| For bovine respiratory disease | 10-15 mg/kg | SC | once daily (q24h) | for 3-5 consecutive days | 🌎 NA |
- For bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pneumonia: Suggested withdrawal time is 60 days.
- For bovine respiratory disease: Inject in the neck; not more than 50 mL per site.
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| For susceptible enteric infections | 10 mg/kg | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| For bacterial enteritis (white scours) in baby pigs associated with E. coli susceptible to spectinomycin | 50 mg/10 lbs of body weight | PO | twice daily | for 3-5 days | 🌎 NA |
| For susceptible enteric infections | 10 mg/kg | IM | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
大觀黴素（Spectinomycin）是一種氨基環醇類抗生素（aminocyclitol antibiotic），在結構上與氨基糖苷類（aminoglycosides）相似，但缺乏氨基糖和糖苷鍵。
臨床要點：
- 抑菌與殺菌： 由於與真正的氨基糖苷類在結構上的差異，大觀黴素是抑菌劑（bacteriostatic）而非殺菌劑。
- 安全性： 它顯著缺乏傳統氨基糖苷類（如慶大黴素或阿米卡星）常見的嚴重腎毒性和耳毒性。
- 抗菌譜： 對多種革蘭氏陽性和陰性菌（包括大腸桿菌、克雷伯氏菌、變形桿菌、腸桿菌、沙門氏菌、鏈球菌、葡萄球菌和黴漿菌）具有相對廣泛的抗菌活性。
- 局限性： 對厭氧菌、多數綠膿桿菌、披衣菌或梅毒螺旋體的作用極小或無效。
- 主要用途： 主要用於經濟動物（豬、家禽、牛）的呼吸道和腸道感染，偶爾也標示外使用於狗、貓和馬。
作用機轉
Spectinomycin works by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria.
Mechanism Pathway: Drug enters bacterial cell → Binds specifically to the 30S ribosomal subunit → Inhibits mRNA translation and translocation → Halts protein synthesis → Bacteriostatic effect (prevents bacterial replication and growth).
Note: Unlike true aminoglycosides, spectinomycin does not cause misreading of the messenger RNA, which explains why its action is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Patients with known hypersensitivity to spectinomycin
不良反應
- Neuromuscular blockade (reversible with parenteral calcium)
- Swelling or soreness at injection sites (especially SC in cattle)
- Transient ataxia (reported in turkey poults at high injected doses)
- Mild increases in BUN, ALP, and SGPT (reported in humans)
- Decreases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and creatinine clearance (reported in humans)
注意事項
Neuromuscular Blockade: Like other aminocyclitols/aminoglycosides, spectinomycin can cause neuromuscular blockade, though it is generally safer. If this occurs, parenteral calcium administration will generally reverse the blockade.
- Pregnancy: FDA Category B in humans (animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk, but adequate human studies are lacking). Use with caution.
- Nursing: It is unknown if spectinomycin is excreted in milk; use caution when administering to nursing patients.
- Tissue Irritation: Subcutaneous administration in cattle may cause localized swelling at the injection site.
藥物交互作用
Antagonism has been reported when used concurrently.
Antagonism has been reported when used concurrently.
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of infection symptoms)
- Injection site monitoring for swelling or myositis
藥物動力學
吸收
Oral absorption is poor (only about 7% of the dose is absorbed), but the drug remaining in the GI tract is active locally. When injected SC or IM, the drug is well absorbed with peak serum levels occurring in about 1 hour.
分佈
Tissue levels of absorbed drug are lower than those found in the serum. Spectinomycin does not appreciably enter the CSF or the eye and is not bound significantly to plasma proteins. Placental and milk transfer are unknown.
代謝
Excreted mostly unchanged.
排除
Absorbed drug is excreted via glomerular filtration into the urine mostly unchanged. In cattle, the terminal half-life is about 2 hours.
過量
Because the drug is negligibly absorbed after oral administration, significant systemic toxicity is highly unlikely via the oral route.
Injected overdoses may cause neurological or neuromuscular signs. For example, injected doses of 90 mg produced transient ataxia in turkey poults. If severe neuromuscular blockade occurs following massive parenteral overdose, parenteral calcium administration may be required to reverse the blockade.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection (100 mg/mL)
- Water Soluble Concentrate (0.5 g/g)
- Oral Solution (50 mg/mL)
- Water Soluble Powder (Combination with Lincomycin)
獸醫用
- Spectinomycin Sulfate Injection: 100 mg/mL (Adspec)
- Spectinomycin Injection: 100 mg/mL (Spectam Injectable)
- Spectinomycin Water Soluble Concentrate: 0.5 gram/gram (Spectam Water Soluble)
- Spectinomycin Oral Solution: 50 mg/mL (Spectam Scour-Halt, Spectoguard Scour-Chek)
- Spectinomycin/Lincomycin combinations (LS 50 Water Soluble Powder, Sepclinx-50, LincoSpectin Sterile Solution)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Unless otherwise instructed by the manufacturer, spectinomycin products should be stored at room temperature (15-30°C). Protect from freezing.
飼主須知
重要提示：大觀黴素是一種抗生素，主要用於治療農場動物（如牛、豬和家禽）的特定細菌感染，偶爾也用於伴侶動物的腸胃道感染。
- 給藥方式：請嚴格按照獸醫的指示給藥。如果是給予口服液或混入飲水中，請確保動物攝取了完整的預定劑量。
- 副作用：本藥物通常非常安全。如果透過皮下注射給藥，您可能會在注射部位觀察到輕微的腫脹或疼痛。
- 完成療程：即使您的動物看起來已經完全康復，也請務必完成整個抗生素療程。提早停藥可能會導致抗藥性細菌感染。
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