司坦唑醇
**司坦唑醇（Stanozolol）**是一種衍生自睪固酮的合成**同化類固醇（Anabolic Steroid）**。在獸醫學歷史上，它被廣泛用於改善食慾、促進體重增加、增強體力與活力，以及治療與慢性疾病相關的貧血。 雖然美國FDA已不再核准其商業產品（如Winstrol®-V）上市，但該藥物仍可透過獸醫調劑藥局取得。 > **臨床重點：** 司坦唑醇在貓身上具有極高的**肝毒性**發生率。除非絕對必要，否則極不建議在貓身上使用，且使用時需要極度謹慎並進行嚴格的監測。 儘管與內源性睪固酮相比，它具有較高的同化/雄性化比例，但仍可能發生雄性化副作用（如行為改變和生殖抑制），特別是在長期使用或高劑量的情況下。由於具有被人類濫用的潛力，它屬於**管制藥品**。
作用機制: Stanozolol is highly lipophilic and diffuses across the cell membrane to bind with intracellular **androgen receptors**. * **Anabolic Pathway:** The receptor-hormone complex translocates to the nucleus → binds to specific DNA sequences (hormone response elements) → modulates transcription of target genes → increases **protein synthesis** (anabolism), promotes a positive nitrogen balance, and induces muscle hypertrophy. * **Erythropoietic Pathway:** Stimulates the production of **erythropoietin** in the kidneys → stimulates bone marrow → increases red blood cell production (useful in treating anemia of chronic disease). * **Fibrinolytic Pathway:** Enhances fibrinolysis after parenteral injection, which provides a theoretical basis for its use in treating feline aortic thromboembolism or thrombosis in nephrotic syndrome.
各物種劑量
- For acute or subacute aflatoxicosis in ruminants · Stanozolol 2 mg/kg IM (plus activated charcoal 6.7 mg/kg as a 30% w/v slurry in M/15, pH 7 phosphate buffer). · IM · Single dose · Do not combine with oxytetracycline therapy.
- For acute or subacute aflatoxicosis in ruminants · Stanozolol 2 mg/kg IM (plus activated charcoal 6.7 mg/kg as a 30% w/v slurry in M/15, pH 7 phosphate buffer). · IM · Single dose · Do not combine with oxytetracycline therapy.
- As an anabolic agent per labeled indications · 1-2 mg PO twice daily; or 25 mg deep IM, may repeat weekly. · PO/IM · q12h (PO) or weekly (IM) · Several weeks, depending on response · EXTREME CAUTION: High incidence of hepatotoxicity in cats.
- General therapeutics · 0.5 mg/kg PO or SC twice daily · PO/SC · q12h · Use with caution in hepatic disease.
- As an anabolic agent per labeled indications · 0.55 mg/kg (25 mg per 100 pounds of body weight) IM deeply. May repeat weekly for up to and including 4 weeks. · IM · weekly · Up to 4 weeks · ARCI UCGFS Class 4 Drug. Contraindicated in breeding stallions and food animals.
- As an anabolic agent to promote weight gain and recovery from disease · 0.5-1 mL/kg (25-50 mg/kg) IM once or twice weekly. · IM · Once or twice weekly · Use with caution in birds with renal disease.
給藥途徑
禁忌症
- Pregnant animals (Category X - teratogenic)
- Breeding stallions
- Food-producing animals
- Patients with hepatic dysfunction
- Patients with hypercalcemia
- Patients with a history of myocardial infarction
- Patients with pituitary insufficiency
- Patients with prostate carcinoma or benign prostatic hypertrophy
- Patients with mammary carcinoma
- During the nephrotic stage of nephritis
不良反應
- Hepatotoxicity (especially high incidence in cats)
- Sodium, calcium, potassium, water, chloride, and phosphate retention
- Behavioral changes (androgenic effects such as increased aggression)
- Reproductive abnormalities (oligospermia, estrus suppression)
- Mild androgenic effects (usually only at high doses or prolonged use)
藥物相互作用
- Anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin) · Anabolic agents may potentiate the effects of anticoagulants; monitoring of INR/PT and dosage adjustment of the anticoagulant are recommended.
- Corticosteroids · Anabolics may enhance the edema that can be associated with ACTH or adrenal steroid therapy.
- Insulin · Anabolics may decrease blood glucose and decrease insulin requirements; diabetic patients receiving insulin may need dosage adjustments.
監測
- Androgenic side effects (behavioral changes)
- Fluid and electrolyte status (especially in cardiac/renal patients)
- Liver function tests (crucial in cats)
- RBC count and indices (if treating anemia)
- Weight and appetite
過量
No specific information was located for this agent in veterinary species. In humans, **sodium and water retention** can occur after overdosage of anabolic steroids. **Treatment:** Treat supportively and monitor liver function should an inadvertent overdose be administered.
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