磺胺二甲嘧啶
Sulfadimethoxine
4-Amino-N-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)benzenesulfonamide
別名: Albon · Di-Methox · Amtech · solfadimetossina · solfadimetossipirimidina · sulphadimethoxine · Chemiosalfa · Deltin · Risulpir · Ritarsulfa · SDM · Sulfadren · Sulfastop · Sulfasol · Sulfathox
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 25 mg/kg PO, IV, or IM once daily | PO, IV, IM | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 100 mg/kg PO, IV or IM once daily | PO, IV, IM | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg PO, or IV, or SC initially, then 27.5 mg/kg once daily thereafter | PO, IV, SC | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis | 55 mg/kg PO initially on the first day of therapy, then 27.5 mg/kg PO once daily for 9 days | PO | q24h | 10 days total | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis | 50 mg/kg once daily for 10-14 days | PO | q24h | 10-14 days | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis (Infant period 2-6 weeks) | 50 mg/kg PO on the first day followed by a daily dose of 25 mg/kg PO until symptoms regress | PO | q24h | Until symptoms regress | 🌎 NA |
- Coccidiosis: Will eliminate oocyst excretion in most dogs
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 25 mg/kg PO, IV, or IM once daily | PO, IV, IM | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 100 mg/kg PO, IV or IM once daily | PO, IV, IM | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg PO, or IV, or SC initially, then 27.5 mg/kg once daily thereafter | PO, IV, SC | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis | 50 mg/kg once daily for 10-14 days | PO | q24h | 10-14 days | 🌎 NA |
- Coccidiosis: Will eliminate oocyst excretion in most cats
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections (Rabbits) | 10-15 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis (Rabbits) | 25 mg/kg PO once daily | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections (Hedgehogs) | 2-20 mg/kg/day IM, SC or PO | IM, SC, PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiostat (Mice, Rats, Gerbils, Hamsters, Guinea pigs, Chinchillas) | 50 mg/kg PO once, then 25 mg/kg PO once daily for 10-20 days or 75 mg/kg PO for 7-14 days | PO | q24h | 10-20 days or 7-14 days | 🌎 NA |
雪貂
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 25 mg/kg PO, SC or IM once daily | PO, SC, IM | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis | 25 mg/kg PO once daily for 14 days | PO | q24h | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
爬蟲類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coccidia | 90 mg/kg PO on day one and then 45 mg/kg PO on 5 successive days; may also be given IM or IV | PO, IM, IV | q24h | 6 days total | 🌎 NA |
- Coccidia: Maintain adequate hydration.
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg, PO or IV q12h | PO, IV | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg IV or PO initially, then 27.5 mg/kg q24h IV | IV, PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 110 mg/kg PO or IV once daily | PO, IV | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg IV initially, then 27.5 mg/kg IV once daily | IV | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 110 mg/kg, PO q24h | PO | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg PO or IV initially, then 27.5 mg/kg q24h | PO, IV | q24h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 55 mg/kg IV or PO initially, then 27.5 mg/kg q24h IV or PO for up to 5 days. If using sustained release boluses: 137.5 mg/kg PO every 4 days | IV, PO | q24h (or q4d for SR) | Up to 5 days | 🌎 NA |
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coccidiosis (Camelids - E. alpacae, E. lamae, E. punoensis, E. peruviana) | 15 mg/kg PO twice daily for 5 days | PO | q12h | 5 days | 🌎 NA |
| Coccidiosis (Camelids - E. macusaniensis) | 110 mg/kg PO q24h | PO | q24h | 10-15 days | 🌎 NA |
- Coccidiosis (Camelids - E. alpacae, E. lamae, E. punoensis, E. peruviana): Monitor for signs of polioencephalomalacia.
- Coccidiosis (Camelids - E. macusaniensis): Administer directly to animal, not in water supply.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
磺胺二甲嘧啶 (Sulfadimethoxine) 是一種在獸醫學中廣泛使用的長效、廣效磺胺類抗菌藥物。
主要臨床重點：
- 主要用途： 獲 FDA 批准用於治療犬、貓、馬和牛的呼吸道、泌尿生殖道、腸道及軟組織感染。它也常被大量用於治療球蟲症 (Coccidiosis)（儘管在某些物種中屬仿單標示外使用）。
- 抗菌譜： 對許多革蘭氏陽性菌（如鏈球菌、葡萄球菌、諾卡氏菌）及部分革蘭氏陰性菌有效。對球蟲和弓形蟲等原蟲也具有顯著活性。
- 限制： 單獨使用時為抑菌劑。在有膿液、壞死組織或大量細胞碎屑的環境中，其療效會顯著降低。細菌抗藥性日益普遍。
- 物種特性： 具有高蛋白結合率且分佈良好。在犬隻體內，主要依賴腎臟排泄而非肝臟代謝，且因腎小管的廣泛再吸收作用而具有較長的半衰期。
作用機轉
Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic agents that disrupt bacterial folic acid synthesis.
- Mechanism: Sulfadimethoxine acts as a structural analog of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
- Pathway: It competitively inhibits the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthase → blocks the incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid → prevents the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid (active folic acid).
- Result: Without tetrahydrofolic acid, susceptible bacteria and protozoa cannot synthesize purines, pyrimidines, and ultimately DNA/RNA, halting replication.
- Note: Mammalian cells are unaffected because they utilize preformed dietary folic acid rather than synthesizing it de novo.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides, thiazides, or sulfonylurea agents
- Severe renal or hepatic impairment
- Doberman Pinschers (highly susceptible to poly-systemic immune complex disease)
- Dehydrated patients (increased risk of crystalluria)
不良反應
- Crystalluria, hematuria, and renal tubule obstruction (especially with acidic/concentrated urine)
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS or 'dry eye') in dogs
- Hypersensitivity reactions (rashes, dermatitis, fever)
- Bone marrow depression
- Nonseptic polyarthritis (especially in Doberman Pinschers)
- Focal retinitis
- Vomiting and diarrhea (due to altered gut flora)
- Muscle weakness, blindness, ataxia, and collapse (if injected IV too rapidly)
- Tissue irritation and necrosis (if injected IM or SC)
注意事項
Breed Warning: Doberman Pinschers are highly susceptible to sulfonamide-induced poly-systemic immune complex disease (presenting as polyarthritis, fever, uveitis, glomerulonephropathy). Use is generally contraindicated in this breed.
- Renal/Hepatic: Use with extreme caution in patients with diminished renal or hepatic function, or urinary obstruction.
- Hydration: Maintain adequate hydration and urine flow to prevent crystalluria and renal tubular obstruction.
- Tissue Irritation: Because solutions are highly alkaline, IM or SC injections can cause significant tissue irritation and necrosis.
- Ruminants: Oral administration can temporarily depress normal cellulytic function of the ruminoreticulum.
- Pregnancy: Potentially teratogenic at high doses. Weigh risk vs. benefit. Crosses the placenta and is distributed into milk.
藥物交互作用
May decrease the oral bioavailability of sulfonamides if administered concurrently.
監測
- Clinical efficacy and resolution of infection/coccidiosis
- Hydration status and urine output
- Schirmer Tear Test (STT) in dogs (monitor for KCS, especially with prolonged use)
- Complete Blood Count (CBC) if used long-term (monitor for bone marrow depression)
- Signs of hypersensitivity (fever, joint pain, rash)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Readily absorbed in dogs, cats, swine, and sheep.
分佈
Well distributed. Highly protein bound. Relative volumes of distribution range from 0.17 L/kg (sheep) to 0.35 L/kg (cattle and horses). Crosses the placenta and is distributed into milk.
代謝
In most species, acetylated in the liver to acetylsulfadimethoxine. In dogs, the drug is not appreciably hepatically metabolized.
排除
In dogs, renal excretion is the basis for the majority of elimination. Long elimination half-lives are a result of appreciable reabsorption in the renal tubules.
過量
Acute toxicity secondary to overdoses occurs only rarely in veterinary species. In addition to standard adverse effects (crystalluria, GI upset, hypersensitivity), CNS stimulation and myelin degeneration have been noted after very high dosages.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection (400 mg/mL)
- Oral Tablets (125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg)
- Oral Suspension (50 mg/mL)
- Oral Boluses (5 g, 15 g)
- Sustained-Release Oral Boluses (12.5 g)
- Soluble Powder (94.6 g/packet)
- Concentrated Solution (12.5%)
獸醫用
- Sulfadimethoxine Injection: 400 mg/mL (40%) (Albon, Di-Methox)
- Sulfadimethoxine Oral Tablets: 125 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg (Albon)
- Sulfadimethoxine Oral Suspension: 50 mg/mL (Albon)
- Sulfadimethoxine Oral Boluses: 5 g, 15 g (Albon)
- Sulfadimethoxine Oral Boluses Sustained-Release: 12.5 g (Albon SR)
- Sulfadimethoxine Soluble Powder: 94.6 grams/packet (Albon)
- Sulfadimethoxine 12.5% Concentrated Solution (Albon)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store at room temperature and protect from light. If crystals form due to exposure to cold temperatures, either warm the vial or store at room temperature for several days to resolubilize the drug; efficacy is not impaired by this process.
飼主須知
寵物主人重要指引：
- 水分至關重要： 在服用此藥物期間，請確保您的寵物隨時有充足的新鮮飲水。這有助於防止藥物在腎臟中形成結晶。
- 觀察眼睛狀況： 在犬隻中，此藥物偶爾會減少淚液分泌，導致「乾眼症」。如果您發現狗狗瞇眼、揉眼睛、眼睛發紅或出現濃稠的黃綠色分泌物，請立即聯繫您的獸醫師。
- 監測不良反應： 如果您的寵物出現皮疹、不明原因的發燒、關節僵硬/跛行或嚴重嘔吐，請立即停藥並聯繫獸醫師。
- 給藥方式： 可與食物一起或空腹給予。如果您的寵物在空腹服藥後嘔吐，請嘗試在下次給藥時搭配少量食物或零食。
- 懷孕警告： 如果您的寵物懷孕或正在哺乳，請告知您的獸醫師，因為此藥物會穿過胎盤並進入乳汁中。
VetSheet 藥物參考供合格獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠商最新仿單。