替來他明 / 唑拉西泮
Tiletamine / Zolazepam
Tiletamine hydrochloride / Zolazepam hydrochloride
別名: Telazol · CI-634 · CL-399 · CN-54521-2 · CI-716
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic purposes | 6.6-9.9 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Minor procedures of short duration | 9.9-13.2 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia/restraint | 3-10 mg/kg IM or SC or 2-5 mg/kg IV | IM/SC/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Aggressive (difficult to handle) dogs requiring more sedation | 1-2 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Diagnostic purposes: Supplemental doses should be less than initial dose. Max total dose 26.4 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Minor procedures of short duration: Supplemental doses should be less than initial dose. Max total dose 26.4 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- General anesthesia/restraint: Based upon the combination of drugs.
- Aggressive (difficult to handle) dogs requiring more sedation: Only if insufficient sedation from opioid, higher dose medetomidine, and midazolam.
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedures such as dentistry, abscess treatment, foreign body removal | 9.7-11.9 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia (lacerations, castration) | 10.6-12.5 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy | 14.3-15.8 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia/restraint | 3-10 mg/kg IM or SC or 2-5 mg/kg IV | IM/SC/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Procedures such as dentistry, abscess treatment, foreign body removal: Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Procedures requiring mild to moderate analgesia (lacerations, castration): Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- Ovariohysterectomy and onychectomy: Max total dose 72 mg/kg. Use Atropine 0.04 mg/kg concurrently.
- General anesthesia/restraint: Based upon the combination of drugs.
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemical restraint (Gerbils) | 20 mg/kg IP (in combination with xylazine 10 mg/kg) | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Mice) | 80-100 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Rats) | 20-60 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Hamsters/Gerbils) | 20-80 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Guinea pig) | 10-80 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Chinchillas) | 20-40 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization/anesthesia (Hamsters) | 50-80 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Chemical restraint (Gerbils) | 10-30 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization (Mice) | 80 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Light anesthesia (Rats) | 40 mg/kg | IP | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Immobilization (Guinea pigs) | 40-60 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Prior to inhalation anesthesia (Small rodents) | 6-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Prior to inhalation anesthesia (Small rodents): Advantages: better muscle relaxation, small volume, rapid induction. Disadvantages: increased secretions, variable recovery.
雪貂
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg IM combined with glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg IM) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | Telazol (1.5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | Telazol (1.5 mg/kg) plus xylazine (1.5 mg/kg) plus butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedative/analgesic | 22 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Sedative/analgesic: Rapid onset, but slow and rough recovery (3-4 hours)
- Sedative/analgesic: Telazol alone
- Sedative/analgesic: May reverse xylazine with yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg IM)
- Sedative/analgesic: May reverse xylazine with yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg IM)
鳥
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia/Restraint (Ratites) | 5 mg/kg | IM/IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
爬蟲類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Large Snakes) | 3 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Crocodilians) | 4-8 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| General anesthesia | 3-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedation for minor procedures | 4-10 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Sedation/tranquillization or to facilitate intubation | 5 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Facilitate handling and anesthesia (Large Snakes): Administer 30-45 minutes prior to handling. Sedation may persist for up to 48 hours.
- General anesthesia: Lizards/snakes generally lower end; chelonians may require high end. Monitor closely for apnea.
- Sedation for minor procedures: At higher doses (15-40 mg/kg), recovery may be greatly prolonged.
- Sedation/tranquillization or to facilitate intubation: Repeat if needed. Higher doses (6 mg/kg) associated with very long recovery times, especially in chelonians (72 hours).
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anesthesia induction | Xylazine 1.1 mg/kg IV, 5 minutes prior to Telazol at 1.65-2.2 mg/kg IV | IV | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Anesthesia induction: ARCI UCGFS Class 2 Drug
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent for cattle, llamas/alpacas | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
| Restraint/Anesthesia (Llamas) | 4.7-6 mg/kg | IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
- Induction agent: Caution: xylazine can cause severe hypoxemia and pulmonary edema in sheep.
山羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Induction agent | Xylazine at 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV, IM, then Telazol at 2-4 mg/kg IV (IM) | IV/IM | Once | — | 🌎 NA |
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
替來他明/唑拉西泮（常見商品名為 Telazol®）是獸醫學中廣泛使用的注射型麻醉劑與鎮靜劑組合。它以 1:1 的比例混合了兩種不同的藥理成分：
- 替來他明 (Tiletamine)：一種與氯胺酮 (Ketamine) 化學結構相關的解離性麻醉劑，可提供深度的鎮痛與失憶效果。
- 唑拉西泮 (Zolazepam)：一種苯二氮平類輕度鎮靜劑，可提供肌肉鬆弛、抗焦慮作用，並抵消單獨使用解離性麻醉劑時通常會引起的肌肉僵硬和癲癇發作風險。
雖然美國 FDA 僅正式核准其用於犬貓的保定、小型手術及麻醉，但它在臨床上被廣泛標示外使用於多種動物，包括馬、反芻動物、豬、鳥類、爬蟲類及各種野生/特寵動物。
臨床要點： 這兩種成分的作用時間因物種而異。在犬隻中，替來他明的作用時間長於唑拉西泮，導致恢復期鎮靜時間短於麻醉時間（可能造成恢復期較不平穩）。在貓咪中，唑拉西泮的作用時間長於替來他明，因此在恢復期會有較長時間的鎮靜狀態。
作用機轉
The combination works synergistically through two distinct central nervous system pathways:
- Tiletamine acts as a non-competitive NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. By blocking the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate at the NMDA receptor → it prevents calcium influx into neurons → inducing a state of dissociative anesthesia characterized by catalepsy, profound somatic analgesia, and amnesia, while maintaining cranial nerve reflexes (e.g., palpebral, laryngeal).
- Zolazepam acts as a GABA-A receptor agonist. It binds to the benzodiazepine site on the GABA-A receptor complex → enhances the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA → increases chloride ion influx → resulting in hyperpolarization of the neuron. This provides muscle relaxation, anxiolysis, and anticonvulsant effects, smoothing the induction and recovery phases of the dissociative anesthetic.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Pancreatic disease
- Severe cardiac disease
- Severe pulmonary disease
- Rabbits (due to reports of renal toxicity/nephrosis)
- Large exotic cats, especially tigers (may cause seizures, permanent neurologic abnormalities, or death)
- Cesarean section (crosses placenta, causes fetal respiratory depression)
不良反應
- Respiratory depression and transient apnea
- Pain upon IM injection (especially in cats due to low pH)
- Athetoid movements (involuntary writhing/twitching)
- Tachycardia (especially in dogs)
- Emesis during emergence
- Excessive salivation and bronchial/tracheal secretions
- Vocalization and erratic/prolonged recovery
- Hypothermia
- Muscle rigidity or hypertonia
- Hypertension or hypotension
- Cyanosis, pulmonary edema, or cardiac arrest (rare/at high doses)
注意事項
Renal Dysfunction: Animals with renal disease may experience prolonged duration of anesthetic action or recovery times. Dosages may need reduction in geriatric or debilitated patients.
Hypothermia: May cause significant hypothermia. Susceptible animals (small body surface area, low ambient temperatures) must be monitored carefully and provided supplemental heat.
Reflexes Maintained: Like ketamine, Telazol does not abolish pinnal, palpebral, pedal, laryngeal, and pharyngeal reflexes. Use alone may not be adequate for surgery in these areas.
Ocular Protection: Cats' eyes remain open after administration. Protect from injury and apply an ophthalmic lubricant (e.g., Lacrilube) to prevent corneal drying.
Airway Management: Cats reportedly do not tolerate endotracheal tubes well with this agent alone.
Species Specific Warnings: Contraindicated in tigers and generally avoided in large exotic cats. Not recommended in rabbits due to nephrotoxicity.
藥物交互作用
Dosage may need to be reduced when used concomitantly with Telazol.
Dosage may need to be reduced when used concomitantly with Telazol.
In cats, anesthesia is prolonged on average by 30 minutes. No apparent effect on recovery times in dogs.
Can cause increased respiratory and cardiac depression.
May cause enhanced or prolonged respiratory depression (extrapolated from ketamine).
May induce hypertension and tachycardia (extrapolated from ketamine).
May increase zolazepam (benzodiazepine) levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase zolazepam levels.
May increase hypnotic effects and risk of hypotension/respiratory depression.
May decrease peak levels and AUC of zolazepam.
May decrease peak levels and AUC of zolazepam.
監測
- Level of anesthesia and analgesia
- Respiratory function (rate, depth, pulse oximetry)
- Cardiovascular status (heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure)
- Body temperature (monitor for hypothermia)
- Eye moisture and corneal integrity (especially in cats)
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Onset of action is variable but generally rapid. In cats, IM onset is 1-7 minutes. In dogs, IM onset averages 7.5 minutes.
分佈
Crosses the placenta.
代謝
Hepatic metabolism. The duration of effect of the two components varies by species (zolazepam lasts longer in cats; tiletamine lasts longer in dogs).
排除
Less than 4% of the drugs are excreted unchanged in the urine in dogs.
過量
The manufacturer claims a 2X margin of safety in dogs and a 4.5X margin of safety in cats.
- Clinical Signs: Excessive respiratory depression, prolonged anesthesia, potential cardiovascular collapse.
- Treatment: In massive overdoses, mechanically assisted ventilation should be performed if necessary. Treat other clinical signs symptomatically and supportively.
- Reversal/Stimulation: A preliminary study in dogs suggests that doxapram at 5.5 mg/kg will enhance respirations and arousal after Telazol administration.
Note: High doses of tiletamine have caused acute tubular necrosis in New Zealand white rabbits.
可用產品
劑型
- Injectable lyophilized powder for reconstitution: 50 mg/mL tiletamine + 50 mg/mL zolazepam (100 mg/mL combined)
獸醫用
- Telazol® (Pfizer): Tiletamine HCl (equivalent to 250 mg free base) and Zolazepam HCl (equivalent to 250 mg free base) as lyophilized powder in 5 mL vials. Reconstituted with 5 mL sterile water yields 50 mg/mL of each drug (100 mg/mL combined). (Rx, C-III)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
After reconstitution, solutions may be stored for 4 days at room temperature and 14 days if refrigerated. Do not use solutions that contain a precipitate or are discolored.
飼主須知
本藥物是一種注射型麻醉劑與鎮靜劑，僅供獸醫專業人員在臨床環境中使用，以確保您的寵物在進行手術或處置時能安全地鎮靜或麻醉。
- 恢復期： 當藥效消退時，您的寵物可能會經歷較長或稍微不平穩的恢復期（例如發出聲音、肌肉抽搐或昏昏欲睡）。這是正常現象，請將牠們安置在安靜、安全且溫暖的環境中，直到完全清醒。
- 眼睛護理： 因為這種藥物在鎮靜期間可能會讓寵物的眼睛保持睜開，獸醫會為其塗抹保護性眼藥膏。您可能會在處置後注意到眼睛周圍有藥膏殘留。
- 體溫： 該藥物會降低體溫，因此您的寵物在恢復期間可能需要額外的保暖。
VetSheet 藥物參考供合格獸醫專業人員作臨床決策輔助之用，不能取代專業判斷或廠商最新仿單。