替米考星
Tilmicosin
Tilmicosin phosphate
別名: Micotil · Pulmotil · EL-870 · LY-177370 · Tilmicosin phosphate
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
小型哺乳類
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections (Rabbits) - Regimen 1 | 25 mg/kg SC once; repeat in 3 days if necessary. | SC | Once, repeat in 3 days PRN | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections (Rabbits) - Regimen 2 | 5 mg/kg SC on day 0, if no reaction, give 10 mg/kg SC on days 7 and 14. | SC | Days 0, 7, 14 | 14 days | 🌎 NA |
- Susceptible infections (Rabbits) - Regimen 1: Can cause weakness, pallor, tachypnea and sudden death. May cause acute death if given IV. SC injections can cause local swelling and necrosis.
- Susceptible infections (Rabbits) - Regimen 2: Can cause weakness, pallor, tachypnea and sudden death. May cause acute death if given IV. SC injections can cause local swelling and necrosis.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment of pneumonic pasteurellosis | 10 mg/kg SC every 72 hours | SC | q72h | — | 🌎 NA |
| Susceptible infections | 10 mg/kg SC (not more than 15 mL per injection site) | SC | Single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
- Treatment of pneumonic pasteurellosis: Subcutaneous injection under the skin in the neck, or if not accessible, behind the shoulders and over the ribs is suggested.
羊
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Susceptible infections | 10 mg/kg SC (not more than 15 mL per injection site). | SC | Single dose | — | 🌎 NA |
- Susceptible infections: Subcutaneous injection under the skin in the neck, or if not accessible, behind the shoulders and over the ribs is suggested. Do not use in lambs less than 15 kg of body weight.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
替米考星 (Tilmicosin) 是一種由泰樂菌素 (tylosin) 合成而來的半合成巨環類抗生素，主要在獸醫學中用於治療由溶血性曼海姆菌、多殺性巴斯德桿菌和睡眠組織嗜血桿菌引起的牛和羊呼吸道疾病 (BRD)。
- 主要特點：
- 具有高度脂溶性，能廣泛穿透組織。它會主動集中在肺部組織和肺泡巨噬細胞中，為呼吸道感染提供標靶治療。
- 主要透過皮下 (SC) 注射投予反芻動物，或作為含藥飼料添加劑投予豬隻。
嚴厲警告：替米考星在許多物種中的安全範圍很窄。人類、豬、馬、駱駝科動物和非人類靈長類動物若意外注射，可能會因嚴重心血管毒性而迅速致命。
作用機轉
Tilmicosin exerts its bacteriostatic effect by penetrating the bacterial cell membrane and reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit.
- Mechanism: Binds to the 50S subunit → blocks the exit tunnel for newly synthesized peptides → inhibits translocation of peptidyl-tRNA → premature termination of bacterial protein synthesis.
- It exhibits time-dependent antibacterial activity and has a prolonged post-antibiotic effect (PAE), especially against respiratory pathogens. Its accumulation in macrophages allows it to be delivered directly to the site of infection via chemotaxis.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Intravenous (IV) administration (can be fatal)
- Use in automatically powered syringes
- Injection in swine, non-human primates, horses, and camelids
- Use in lactating ewes if milk is intended for human consumption
- Use in veal calves
- Use in female dairy cattle 20 months or older
不良反應
- Local tissue reaction and trim loss (if given IM)
- Edema at the site of subcutaneous injection
- Severe cardiovascular toxicity (fatalities) if given IV
- Fatalities in swine, non-human primates, and potentially horses if injected
- Severe reactions in camelids
注意事項
HUMAN SAFETY WARNING: Accidental self-injection can be fatal. Do not use automatically powered syringes. Avoid contact with eyes.
- Species Sensitivity: Highly toxic when injected in swine, equines, camelids, and primates.
- Pregnancy/Breeding: Safe use in pregnant animals or animals intended for breeding has not been demonstrated.
- Administration: Give strictly via subcutaneous injection in approved species. Intramuscular injection causes severe tissue reactions; intravenous injection is often fatal.
藥物交互作用
Increased mortality associated with tilmicosin in swine.
Potential cross-resistance and competitive binding at the 50S ribosomal subunit (extrapolated from erythromycin).
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of respiratory signs)
- Injection site reactions
- Slaughter withdrawal times (28 days for cattle/sheep injection; 7 days for swine feed)
藥物動力學
吸收
Well absorbed following subcutaneous injection.
分佈
Highly lipophilic; extensively distributes into tissues and concentrates heavily in lung tissue and alveolar macrophages. At 3 days post-injection, the lung:serum ratio is approximately 60:1.
排除
MIC95 concentrations (3.12 mcg/mL) for *P. haemolytica* persist in the lungs for a minimum of 3 days after a single SC injection.
過量
The cardiovascular system is the primary target of acute toxicity, likely due to calcium channel blockade leading to negative inotropic effects, tachycardia, and fatal arrhythmias.
- Cattle: Doses up to 50 mg/kg IM did not cause death, but SC doses of 150 mg/kg caused fatalities, as did IV doses of 5 mg/kg.
- Swine: Doses as low as 10 mg/kg caused increased respiration, emesis, and seizures; 20 mg/kg IM caused death in most animals tested.
- Monkeys: 10 mg/kg caused no signs of toxicity; 20 mg/kg caused vomiting; 30 mg/kg caused death.
HUMAN EXPOSURE: In cases of human injection, contact a physician immediately. Apply ice to the injection site. Emergency medical telephone numbers: 1-800-722-0987 or 1-317-276-2000.
可用產品
劑型
- Subcutaneous Injection: 300 mg/mL
- Feed Medication: 90.7 grams/lb
獸醫用
- Micotil 300 Injection (Elanco): 300 mg/mL in 50 mL, 100 mL, and 250 mL multi-dose vials (Rx)
- Pulmotil 90 Feed Medication (Elanco): 90.7 grams/lb (OTC)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store the injection at or below room temperature. Avoid exposure to direct sunlight.
飼主須知
重大安全警告：人類意外自我注射此藥物可能會致命。
- 操作注意事項：處理注射器和針頭時請務必格外小心。絕對不可使用自動動力注射器。
- 意外暴露：如果您不慎扎傷或注射到自己，請立即在注射部位冰敷，並立刻尋求緊急醫療協助。請撥打緊急醫療專線尋求指引。
- 給藥方式：僅可依照獸醫師指示進行皮下（皮膚下）注射。切勿注射入肌肉或靜脈，這對動物可能是致命的。
- 物種警告：絕對不可將此注射藥物用於豬、馬、羊駝/駱馬或寵物身上。它對這些物種具有劇毒。
- 儲存方式：請妥善存放在兒童無法觸及的地方，並避免接觸眼睛。
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