曲吡那敏
Tripelennamine
Tripelennamine hydrochloride
別名: Re-Covr · Azaron · Etono · Fenistil · PBZ · Pelamine · Pyribenzamine · Vaginex · Tripelennaminium chloride
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
各物種劑量
🌎 NA — North America🌍 EU — Europe
狗
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg IM | IM | — | — | 🌎 NA |
- General antihistamine: Oral dosage forms may no longer be obtainable
貓
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg PO q12h | PO | q12h | — | 🌎 NA |
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg IM | IM | — | — | 🌎 NA |
- General antihistamine: Oral dosage forms may no longer be obtainable
馬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General antihistamine | 1.1 mg/kg (2.5 mL per 100 lbs body weight) IM q6-12h as needed | IM | q6-12h | as needed | 🌎 NA |
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg IM | IM | — | — | 🌎 NA |
- General antihistamine: Do NOT give IV. ARCI UCGFS Class 3 Drug.
- General antihistamine: Do NOT give IV. ARCI UCGFS Class 3 Drug.
牛
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General antihistamine | 1.1 mg/kg (2.5 mL per 100 lbs body weight) IV (for more immediate effect) or IM q6-12h as needed | IV/IM | q6-12h | as needed | 🌎 NA |
| Downer Cow Syndrome (Adjunctive treatment) | 0.5 mg/kg slow IV in conjunction with parenteral mineral treatment | IV | — | — | 🌎 NA |
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg IV or IM | IV/IM | — | — | 🌎 NA |
- Downer Cow Syndrome (Adjunctive treatment): Used as a CNS stimulant
豬
| 適應症 | 劑量 | 途徑 | 頻次 | 療程 | 地區 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General antihistamine | 1 mg/kg IV or IM | IV/IM | — | — | 🌎 NA |
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
曲吡那敏（Tripelennamine）是一種第一代乙二胺類抗組織胺藥物，主要應用於大型動物獸醫學中。它被用來減輕由組織胺介導的過敏反應和過敏性休克。
有趣的是，它也常被標示外使用於「倒地牛症候群（Downer cow syndrome）」作為中樞神經系統（CNS）刺激劑（緩慢靜脈注射）。由於它是第一代抗組織胺，能輕易穿透血腦屏障，可能會引起從鎮靜到矛盾性興奮（特別是在馬匹）等顯著的中樞神經作用。
臨床要點：雖然對於急性過敏反應非常有效，但由於有更新、較不易引起嗜睡的抗組織胺藥物問世，加上許多口服曲吡那敏製劑已停產，其在小動物醫學中的使用已大幅減少。
作用機轉
Tripelennamine acts as a competitive antagonist at the H1-receptor.
- Histamine Release → Histamine binds to H1 receptors on smooth muscle, endothelium, and the CNS.
- Tripelennamine → Competes for these receptor sites → Prevents histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability.
Note: Antihistamines do not inactivate histamine or prevent its degranulation/release from mast cells; they only block its downstream effects. Compared to other antihistamines, tripelennamine has moderate sedative activity and minimal anticholinergic activity.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Intravenous (IV) administration in horses is strictly contraindicated due to severe CNS stimulation
不良反應
- CNS stimulation (hyperexcitability, nervousness, muscle tremors) - especially in horses given IV
- CNS depression / Sedation
- Ataxia / Incoordination
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
注意事項
WARNING: Do NOT administer intravenously (IV) to horses due to the risk of severe CNS stimulation, hyperexcitability, and muscle tremors.
- Administration: It is recommended to warm the injectable solution to near body temperature before injecting. Give IM injections deep into large muscle areas.
- Allergy Testing: Antihistamines can decrease the wheal and flare response to antigen skin testing. Discontinue at least 4 days prior to intradermal testing to avoid false-negative results.
- Food Animal Residues: In cattle, meat withdrawal is 4 days following the last treatment. Milk must not be used for food for 24 hours (2 milkings) after treatment.
藥物交互作用
Increased sedation and CNS depression
May partially counteract the anticoagulation effects
May partially counteract the anticoagulation effects
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of allergic signs)
- Adverse effects (CNS stimulation, sedation, ataxia)
藥物動力學
半衰期
分佈
Volumes of distribution steady-state approximately 1.5-3 L/kg (in horses and camels). Protein binding is approximately 80%.
排除
Total body clearance is approximately 1 L/hour/kg (in horses and camels).
過量
Overdosage of tripelennamine can cause CNS excitation, seizures, and ataxia.
- Treatment: Treat symptomatically and supportively if clinical signs are severe.
- Seizure Management: Phenytoin (IV) is recommended in the treatment of seizures caused by antihistamine overdose in humans. Barbiturates and diazepam are generally avoided as they may exacerbate post-excitatory CNS depression.
可用產品
劑型
- Injection: 20 mg/mL
- Oral dosage forms may no longer be obtainable
獸醫用
- Tripelennamine HCl for Injection: 20 mg/mL in 20 mL, 100 mL, and 250 mL vials (Re-Covr, generic)
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇪🇺 EU · 🇬🇧 UK · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store the injection at room temperature and protect from light; avoid freezing or excessive heat. The white crystalline powder will slowly darken upon exposure to light.
飼主須知
- 用途：此藥物為抗組織胺，用於治療過敏反應、蕁麻疹，有時也作為特定牛隻疾病（如倒地牛症候群）的刺激劑。
- 給藥方式：通常由獸醫師以注射方式給予。若開立口服劑型，請嚴格按照指示餵食。
- 副作用：請注意動物是否出現嗜睡、協調性變差，或相反地出現極度神經質和肌肉顫抖。
- 重要警告：嚴禁對馬匹進行靜脈注射。
- 過敏測試：若您的寵物即將進行過敏原皮膚測試，請告知獸醫師動物正在服用此藥物，因為必須在測試前至少 4 天停藥，以確保測試結果準確。
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