泰樂菌素
Tylosin
Tylosin tartrate / Tylosin phosphate
別名: Tylan Soluble · Bilosin · Tyluvet · Desmycosin · tilosina · tylozin · tylosiini · tylosinum · tylozyna
由 VetSheet 獸醫團隊審訂更新於 2026年4月5日本內容以實證獸醫文獻為本
經審核的 v13 劑量證據
結構化劑量計算證據Susceptible enteric infections (extra-label)
- q12-24h
NA
必須一併考量的臨床脈絡 (2)
- ■ Oral doses may be given with or without food. Give this medicine with food if stomach upset or vomiting occurs.
- ■ The powder has an extremely bitter taste. The animal may be more likely to accept the medication if the powder is placed in an empty gelatin capsule.
劑量為合格獸醫專業人員的臨床參考。請務必對照最新仿單及個別病患確認。
概覽
泰樂菌素（Tylosin）是一種由弗氏鏈黴菌（Streptomyces fradiae）自然產生的巨環類抗生素。雖然主要獲FDA核准用於家畜（牛和豬）的呼吸道與腸道感染，但它在小動物醫學中是治療泰樂菌素反應性腹瀉（TRD）、慢性結腸炎和炎症性腸病（IBD）的重要藥物。
臨床重點：
- 微生態調節： 在犬隻中，泰樂菌素對TRD特別有效。這可能是因為它能調節腸道微生物群（特別是促進有益的腸球菌 Enterococcus spp.）以及其免疫調節作用，而不僅僅是透過直接的抗菌特性。
- 淚痕管理： 臨床上偶爾被用於減少犬隻（如馬爾濟斯、貴賓犬）的淚痕（epiphora），其機制可能與結合紫質或改變正常菌叢有關，但基於抗生素管理的考量，此用途仍具爭議。
- FIP： 曾有傳聞將其作為免疫調節劑用於患有貓傳染性腹膜炎（FIP）的貓咪，但相關證據有限。
作用機轉
Tylosin shares a mechanism of action with erythromycin:
- Antimicrobial Action: Binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria → inhibits translocation of peptides → prevents protein synthesis. It is primarily bacteriostatic, but can be bactericidal at high concentrations.
- Spectrum of Activity: Effective against Gram-positive bacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and some Gram-negative anaerobes (e.g., Clostridium perfringens).
- Immunomodulation & Probiotic Effect: Alters cell-mediated immunity. In dogs, it specifically increases jejunal concentrations of Enterococcus faecalis, which acts as a probiotic to stabilize the gut barrier and resolve chronic diarrhea.
安全性與警告
禁忌症
- Hypersensitivity to tylosin or other macrolide antibiotics
- Horses (causes severe and potentially fatal dysbiosis/diarrhea)
- No specific contraindications available in the monograph
不良反應
- Pain and local reactions at IM injection sites
- Mild GI upset (anorexia, diarrhea) in small animals
- Severe/fatal diarrhea in horses (any route)
- Severe diarrhea in ruminants (PO)
- Swine: edema of rectal mucosa, mild anal protrusion with pruritus, erythema, and diarrhea
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Pain at the site of injection
注意事項
Use cautiously in pregnant animals (Class B). Strictly avoid oral administration in ruminants and any route in horses due to the risk of fatal dysbiosis. Macrolides may cause falsely elevated AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) values when using colorimetric assays, and can alter fluorometric determinations of urinary catecholamines.
藥物交互作用
May increase digoxin blood levels, potentially resulting in toxicity
監測
- Clinical efficacy (resolution of diarrhea or infection)
- Adverse effects (GI upset, injection site reactions)
- Clinical response (resolution of diarrhea or infection)
- Injection site for pain or inflammation
藥物動力學
半衰期
吸收
Well absorbed from the GI tract (tartrate salt is better absorbed than phosphate salt). Rapidly absorbed after SC or IM injection.
分佈
Widely distributed in the body, with the exception of penetration into the CSF. Volume of distribution: 1.7 L/kg (small animals), 1-2.3 L/kg (cattle). Milk to plasma ratio in lactating dairy cattle is 1-5.4.
代謝
Minimal hepatic metabolism.
排除
Eliminated in the urine and bile primarily as unchanged drug.
過量
Tylosin is relatively safe in most overdose situations.
- Dogs: Tolerate oral doses up to 800 mg/kg. Long-term (2-year) oral administration of up to 400 mg/kg produced no organ toxicity.
- Pigs: LD50 is >5 g/kg PO, and ~1 g/kg IM. However, shock and death have been reported in baby pigs overdosed with tylosin.
可用產品
劑型
- Injectable solution: 50 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL
- Soluble powder (tartrate salt): ~2.5-2.7 g/tsp
- Injectable solution: 200 mg/ml
- Oral soluble powder: 100 g/bottle
獸醫用
- Tylosin Injection: 50 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL (Tylan®)
- Tylosin Tartrate Powder: ~2.5-2.7 grams/level tsp in 100g bottles (Tylan® Soluble)
- Bilosin 200 mg/ml injectable solution
- Tylan 200 mg/ml injectable solution
- Tyluvet 200 mg/ml injectable solution
- Tylan 100 g/bottle soluble powder
各地核准狀態
暫無法規資料: 🇺🇸 US · 🇭🇰 HK · 🇹🇼 TW · 🇯🇵 JP · 🇰🇷 KR · 🇦🇺 AU
儲存與穩定性
Store injectable tylosin in well-closed containers at room temperature. Tylosin is unstable in acidic media (pH < 4). Do not mix the parenteral injection with other drugs.
飼主須知
重要提示： 泰樂菌素粉末的味道非常苦且難以入口。如果只是撒在食物上，大多數寵物都會拒食。
餵藥技巧：
- 膠囊： 最簡單的方法是請獸醫師或調劑藥局將準確劑量的藥粉裝入空膠囊中。
- 奶油小撇步： 如果無法使用膠囊，可以融化約四分之一茶匙的奶油，將正確劑量的藥粉混入其中，放入迷你冰塊盒中冷凍成「藥丸」，然後藏在零食中餵食。
一般指引：
- 請嚴格遵守獸醫師的劑量建議。
- 如果是治療慢性腹瀉，即使寵物的糞便恢復正常，也不要突然停藥，因為一旦停藥，腹瀉通常會很快復發。
- 泰樂菌素通常耐受性良好，但如果發現任何不良反應（如嘔吐或食慾不振），請聯繫您的獸醫師。
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